History of Psychology

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History of Psychology

• Chapter 13
• Psychoanalysis The Beginnings

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I. The Place of Psychoanalysis in the History of
Psychology

• A. 1895
• 1. formal beginning of psychoanalysis
• 2. Wundt age 63
• 3. Titchener age 28
• 4. functionalism just beginning to flourish
• 5. Watson age 17
• 6. Wertheimer age 15

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The Place of Psychoanalysis in the History of
Psychology

• B. 1939
• 1. Freuds death
• 2. Wundtian psychology, structuralism, and
  functionalism were history
• 3. Gestalt psychology in the process of
  transplantation
• 4. behaviorism was dominant

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The Place of Psychoanalysis in the History of
Psychology

• C. Psychoanalysis
• 1. not a school of thought directly comparable to
  the others
• 2. subject matter is abnormal behavior
• 3. primary method is clinical observation
• 4. deals with the unconscious

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II. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) The Development
of Psychoanalysis

• A. Background
• 1. born in Freiberg, Moravia (Pribor, Czech
  Republic), and then moved to Vienna.
• 2. Father strict and authoritarian
• Mother protective and loving
• 3. Personality self-confidence, ambition, desire
  for achievement

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• 4. Darwins theory awakened his interest in the
  scientific approach
• 5. 1873 began study of medicine at U. of Vienna
• a. 8 years to get his degree
• b. initially concentrated on biology
• c. moved to physiology the spinal cord of the
  fish

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• 6. cocaine
• a. used cocaine until at least his middle age
• b. 1884 paper on cocaines beneficial uses
  published
• 7. 1881 MD degree, began practice as a clinical
  neurologist

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• B. The case of Anna O.
• 1. Josef Breuer (1842-1935)
• Helped Freud. Breuer was a father-figure to
  Freud.
• Worked together
• 2. Anna O.
• a. 21 years old
• b. wide range of hysterical symptoms
• c. symptoms first manifested while nursing her
  dying father

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• d. Breuer began with hypnosis
• 1) Anna referred to their conversation as
  "chimney sweeping" and "the talking cure
• 2) recalled disturbing experiences under hypnosis
  
• 3) reliving the experiences under hypnosis
  reduced the symptoms
• e. positive transference
• f. Anna O. not cured by Breuer
• g. case introduced Freud to the method of
  catharsis

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• C. Sex and free association
• 1. 1885 Freud received a grant to study with
  Charcot
• a. trained in hypnosis to treat hysteria
• b. Charcot alerted Freud to the role of sex in
  hysteria
• 2. Freud became dissatisfied with hypnosis
• a. a long-term cure not effected
• b. patients vary in ability to be hypnotized

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• c. retained catharsis as a treatment method
• d. developed the method of free association
• 3. Freuds system
• a. goal bring repressed memories into conscious
  awareness
• b. repressed memories the source of abnormal
  behavior

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• 4. free association material
• a. the experiences recalled are predetermined
• b. the nature of the conflict forces the material
  out
• c. its roots were in early childhood
• d. much of it concerned sexual matters

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• D. The break with Breuer
• 1. 1895 Studies on Hysteria (Breuer and Freud)
• a. the formal beginning of psychoanalysis
• b. the book was praised throughout Europe
• 2. the conflicts
• a. Freuds contention that sex sole cause of
  neurosis
• b. Breuer felt Freud had insufficient evidence
• 3. Breuer concerned with Freuds dogmatic
  attitudes

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• E. The childhood seduction controversy
• 1. Freud believed a normal sex life precludes
  neuroses
• 2. 1896 posited that childhood seduction traumas
  caused adult neurotic behavior
• 3. the paper was received with skepticism

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• 4. 1897 Freud reversed his position
• a. the seduction scenes were fantasies
• b. patients believed they were real experiences
• c. sex remained the root of the problem
• 5. 1984 Massons book

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• 6. contemporary data on the incidence and
  prevalence of child sexual abuse
• 7. whether Freud deliberately suppressed the
  truth is undetermined
• 8. 1930s Ferenczi determined there were real
  acts of sexual abuse
• 9. Freud led the opposition to Ferenczi

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• F. Self-analysis and the interpretation of dreams
  
• 1. Freud
• a. held a negative attitude toward sex
• b. experienced sexual difficulties
• 2. 1897
• a. Freud gave up sex
• b. he began his 2-year self-analysis of his own
  neurotic symptoms

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• 5. He used method of dream analysis
• a. He believed that everything has a cause
• b. He conducted a personal dream analysis. He
  wrote down the dream stories and then free
  associated to the material

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• 6. 1900 The Interpretation of Dreams
• a. analyzing his own neurotic episodes and
  childhood experiences
• b. outlined the Oedipus complex
• 7. adopted dream analysis as standard technique

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• G. Recognition--
• 1. 1901 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
• a. Freudian slips An act of forgetting or a
  lapse in speech that reflects unconscious motives
  or anxieties
• 2. 1902 began weekly discussion group with
  students
• a. included Jung and Adler
• b. Freud tolerated no disagreement about the role
  of sexuality

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• 3. 1905 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
• 4. 1909 Clark U. lectures honorary doctorate in
  psychology
• a. 1909/1910 publication of the Clark lectures
  in the American Journal of Psychology
• b. Americana accept idea of unconscious mind

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• H. Freuds final years
• 1. 1923 diagnosis of cancer, followed by 33
  surgeries in 16 years
• 2. 1933 public burning of Freuds books by the
  Nazis
• 3. 1934 Nazi destroyed psychoanalysis in Germany
• 4. 1938
• a. Anna Freud arrested and detained by the Nazis
  
• b. move to Paris, then London
• 5. 1939 his doctor administered an overdose of
  morphine over 1 24-hour period

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III. Psychoanalysis as a Method of Treatment

• A. Resistances
• A blockage to disclose painful memories during a
  free-association session
• B. Repression
• The process of baring unacceptable ideas.
  Memories, or desires from conscious awareness,
  leaving them to operate in the unconscious mind

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IV. Psychoanalysis as a Method of Treatment

• C. Transference
• The process by which a patient responds to the
  therapist as if the therapists were a significant
  person (such as a parent) in the patients life
• D. Dream analysis
• 1. A psychotherapeutic technique involving
  interpreting dreams to uncover unconscious
  conflicts
• 2. dreams represent disguised satisfaction of
  repressed desires

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Psychoanalysis as a Method of Treatment

• 3. The essence of a dream is the fulfillment of
  ones wishes
• 4. Patients describe dream, they express their
  forbidden desires (latent dream content) in
  symbolic form.
• 5. not all dreams are caused by emotional
  conflicts

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Psychoanalysis as a Method of Treatment

• E. No passion for helping
• 1. little personal interest in his system's
  potential therapeutic value
• 2. goal the explanation of the dynamics of human
  behavior
• 3. viewed the techniques of association and dream
  analysis as research tools for data collection
• 4. his passion was the research

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V. Freuds Method of Research

• A. Freuds position
• 1. little faith in the experimental approach
• 2. believed his work was scientific
• 3. believed his cases and self-analysis provided
  ample support

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Freuds Method of Research

• B. The evidence
• 1. formulated, revised, and extended
• 2. with Freud as the sole interpreter
• 3. guided by his own critical abilities
• 4. insisted only psychoanalysts could judge his
  works scientific worth
• 5. rarely responded to his critics

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VI. Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality

• A. Instincts
• 1. Mental representations of internal stimuli
  (such as hunger) that motivate personality and
  behavior

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Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality

• 2. the life instincts
• a. self-preservation and survival of the species
• b. manifested in libido
• Libido the psychic energy that drives a person
  toward pleasurable thoughts and behaviors
• 3. the death instinct
• a. a destructive force
• b. can be directed inward (suicide) or outward
  (aggressive)
• c. only when a death became a personal concern

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Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality

• B. Conscious and unconscious aspects of
  personality
• 1. conscious
• a. small and insignificant
• b. a superficial aspects of the total personality
• 2. Unconscious
• a. vast and powerful
• b. contains the instincts

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Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality

• 3. Later, Freud replaced the conscious/unconscious
  distinction with the concept of id, ego, and
  superego.
• id (Es)
• a. corresponds to earlier unconscious
• b. the most primitive and least accessible part
  of personality
• c. includes sexual and aggressive instincts
• d. followed pleasure principle
• 1) reduces tension
• 2) methods seeks pleasure and avoids pain

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Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality

• 4. ego (Ich)
• a. The rational aspect of personality
  responsibility for controlling the instinct
• b. is aware of reality and regulates id
• c. followed the reality principle
• Holding off the ids pleasure-seeking demands
  until a appropriate object can be found to
  satisfy the need and reduce the tension

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Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality

• 5. superego (Uber-Ich)
• a. the moral aspect of personality derived from
  internalizing parental and societal values and
  standards.
• b. represent morality
• c. behavior is determined by self-control,
  postpone id satisfaction to more appropriate
  times and spaces or inhibit id completely

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Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality

• C. Anxiety
• 1. indicates ego is stressed or threatened
• 2. three types
• a. objective fear of actual dangers
• b. neurotic fear of punishment
• c. moral fear of ones conscience

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Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality

• D. Psychosexual stages of personality development
  
• 1. one of the first to emphasize the importance
  of child development
• 2. personality pattern almost complete by age 5

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Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality

• 3. psychosexual stages marked by autoeroticism
• a. oral sensual satisfaction, oral personality
• b. anal toilet training dirty/neat, clean
• c. phallic attitudes toward the opposite sex
  develop
• d. latency

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VII. Relations Between Psychoanalysis and
Psychology

• A. Psychoanalysis outside the mainstream
• 1. 1924 Journal of Abnormal Psychology
• a. complaints about the number of papers on the
  unconscious
• b. at least 20 years few articles on
  psychoanalysis accepted for publication

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Relations Between Psychoanalysis and Psychology

• B. Criticisms by academic psychologists
• Psychoanalysis was a product of the undeveloped
  German mind
• C. Psychology textbooks
• 1. early 1920s books included some of Freuds
  ideas
• 2. as a whole, psychoanalysis was ignored

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Relations Between Psychoanalysis and Psychology

• D. 1930s and 1940s psychoanalysis
• 1. popular with the general public
• 2. a serious competitor of experimental
  psychology

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Relations Between Psychoanalysis and Psychology

• E. The academics response
• 1. experimental tests of concepts of
  psychoanalysis
• a. psychoanalysis was inferior to a psychology
  based on experimentation
• b. academic psychology could be relevant to the
  public interest because it was studying the same
  things as the psychoanalysts

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Relations Between Psychoanalysis and Psychology

• 2. 1950s and 1960s
• a. translation of psychoanalytic concepts into
  behavioristic terms
• E.g., emotions? habits neurotic behavior? the
  result of faulty conditioning.
• b. psychology incorporated many of Freuds
  concepts
• e.g., unconsciousness, childhood experiences,
  defense mechanism

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IX. Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

• A. In general
• 1. Freuds methods of data collection
• a. unsystematic and uncontrolled
• b. data consisted of what Freud recollected
• c. Freud may have reinterpreted patients words

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Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

• d. Freud may have recalled and recorded primarily
  the material consistent with his theses
• e. there exist discrepancies between Freuds
  notes and the published case histories
• f. Freud destroyed most of his data (patient
  files)

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Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

• g. just 6 case histories were published and none
  provides compelling support
• h. undisclosed method for deriving inferences and
  generalizations
• i. data not amenable to quantification or
  statistical analysis

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Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

• 2. Freud often contradicted himself
• 3. Freuds definitions of key concepts unclear
• 4. Freuds views on women
• Women have poorly developed superego and
  inferiority feelings about their body

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Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

• 5. the emphasis on biological forces, especially
  sex, as the determinant of personality
• a. the denial of free will
• b. the focus on past behavior and exclusion of
  ones hopes and goals
• 6. the theory is based on neurotics, not on
  normals

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Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

• B. The scientific validation of psychoanalytic
  concepts
• 1. an analysis of about 2000 studies from several
  disciplines support
• a. some characteristics of oral and anal
  personality types
• b. the notion that dreams reflect emotional
  concerns
• c. certain aspects of the Oedipus complex in boys

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Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

• 2. the analysis did not support
• a. that dreams satisfy symbolically repressed
  desires and wishes
• b. that fear is the motive for boys resolution
  of the Oedipus complexes
• c. several ideas about women (women have an
  inferior conception of their bodies, less severe
  superego standards than men

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Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

• 3. later research
• a. supports notion that unconscious processes
  influence thoughts and behavior
• b. does not support that personality is set by
  age 5.
• Now?personality continues to develop over time
  and can change dramatically after childhood.
• c. indicates Freuds ideas about instincts are
  not a useful model of human motivation

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X. Contributions of Psychoanalysis

• 1. The experimental method is not the sole method
  for discovery
• 2. A strong impact on American academic
  psychology and popular culture