Modern Southeast Asia

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Modern Southeast Asia
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Review from yesterday

• Large, powerful, Southeast Asian empire centered
  in Cambodia?
• Khmer
• Maritime trading empire centered in Malaysia,
  Sumatra and other Indonesian islands?
• Srivijaya
• Famous temple in Cambodia, originally Hindu,
  later Buddhist?
• Angkor Wat

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Its those rascally Europeans again!

• Portuguese originally contact around same time as
  India 1510
• Takes over tip of Malaysian Peninsula
• Disruption in trade brings about quick decline of
  Srivijaya
• Portugal split unconquered world with Spanish
• Ferdinand Magellan, first man to sail across
  Pacific
• founds Philippines in 1521
• Went back route
• Remains only east Asian country with Christian
  majority

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Magellans Voyage
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Other Europeans

• Dutch declare independence from Spain in 1581
• Send ships to Java and other islands for spices
• Dutch East Indies Company conquers Indonesia
• Called Dutch East Indies until 1945 when gains
  independence
• Portuguese basically kicked out
• British establish colonies of Malaysia and Burma
• French form Indochina out of Cambodia, Laos, and
  Vietnam
• Thailand (Siam) allowed to keep independence
• Acted as buffer state between French and
  British
• Spanish keep Philippines until 1898

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Who owned what?
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Imperialism

• Europeans convinced local rulers to exploit
  peoples
• Have one crop grown, then not want it, then buy
  it for lower price
• Introduced coffee and sugar to be grown on
  plantations
• Why coffee is associated with word Java
• US takes Philippines from Spain after war in 1898

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Philippine-American War

• Fought between 1899-1902
• 4,300 US soldiers killed
• 16,000 Filipino soldiers killed
• As many as 1,000,000 civilians killed
• Philippines does not gain independence until 1945

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After WWII

• Almost all taken over by Japan
• Fought with allies and expect independence
• Some places such as Burma, Indonesia, Philippines
  granted right away
• Colonies that remain revolt
• Revolts usually led by European educated men
• Aided by USSR and Chinese communists against
  capitalist masters
• Becomes major Cold War battlegrounds

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Indochina

• French kicked out when defeated at battle of Dien
  Bien Phu in 1954
• Divide up into 4 countries, North and South
  Vietnam to be reunited
• Culture in this area favors communist ideology
• Generally poor farmers
• Communal sharing common practice
• Resent western business and exploitation
• China becoming powerful at this time

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Domino Theory

• US believed that if one country in Southeast Asia
  went communist, they would all go
• Vietnam War ends in 1975 officially Vietnam
  communist
• Laos becomes and remains communist state shortly
  after
• Cambodia also becomes communist in 1975,
  technically not today
• US supported anti-communist groups in these
  countries
• Led to civil wars
• Vietnam war fighting spilled over into neighbors
• Agent orange and napalm used against civilians

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Cambodia

• North Vietnamese hiding in Cambodia so US invades
  and bombs it during war
• Kills over 150,000 Cambodian peasants
• People turn to communists under man named Pol Pot
• His communist group known as the Khmer Rouge
• Copied Mao, wanted all people to be like peasants
• Called it the Super Great Leap Forward
• Emptied entire capital city at gunpoint
• Purify Cambodia of Western culture and
  capitalism

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The Killing Fields

• People forced to work in fields from 4am to 10pm
• Food went to army
• Killed for smallest infraction
• Anyone educated killed
• 1/4 to 1/3 of total population killed
  (2,000,000)
• Pol Pot removed in 1979 when Vietnam invades
• Civil War continues as Khmer Rouge fights
  guerilla war until 1998 after Pol Pot dies of
  natural causes

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Southeast today

• Islamic radicalism on the rise, especially in
  Indonesia and Thailand
• Strict military rule in Myanmar
• History of very corrupt leaders in Indonesia and
  Philippines
• Laos and Cambodia over 90 of people are
  peasants. Extremely poor
• Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam all growing
  economically
• Bird flu a major concern

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