Notes 1

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Notes 1
THE ROAD TO THE CIVIL WAR

• 1. SOUTHERN SLAVERY THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION
• Prior to 1791 slavery was not profitable
• Cotton Gin----Eli Whitney---1791
• South relied on cotton and slaves.
• Cotton production doubles every 10 years
• King Cotton
• 2. Southern society
• 3. Facts on Slavery
• 4. Why did the South fight a war to preserve
  slavery when ¾ of Southerners did not own
  slaves?
• American Dream

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Notes 2

• 5. SOCIAL OUTCRY AGAINST SLAVERY
• Rise of abolitionists----1830 to 1860
• William Lloyd Garrison
• Frederick Douglass
• Harriet Tubman
• Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Womens Rights Movement---1849
• Seneca Falls Declaration
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
• Arguments
• For slavery
• Against slavery
• 6. Did slaves revolt against slavery?
• Slave revolts Slave codes

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Cotton Production
C O T T O N P R O D U C T I O N
The invention which changed the South, cotton
and slavery.
1791 4,000 bales of cotton are produced 1849
2, 246, 900 bales of cotton are produced 6
cents a lb. to 14 cents in 1857 Expanded into
Arkansas and Texas Crop increase 2,500,000
bales in 1850 to 5,300,000 in 1860 Crop Value
In 1800, 8 million In 1860, 250
million Tobacco by 1860 200,000,000 lbs. to
430,000,000 lbs.
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Trial of tears
GROWTH OF SLAVERY

• Total U.S. population was 3.5 million
• 700,000 slaves in the U.S. at this time.
• Still bought slaves through the slave trade.

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Trial of tears
GROWTH OF SLAVERY

• Total U.S. population was 18 million
• 2 million slaves in the U.S. at this time.
• 1808, importation of slaves was illegal
• Slave trade within the U.S.
• Increase of slave population was from natural
  reproduction

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Trial of tears
GROWTH OF SLAVERY
33 million U.S. population, 4 million slaves in
the South
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Map Crops in South
GROWTH OF SLAVERY
COTTON BELT, Cotton Kingdom
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Map/Cotton Belt
GROWTH OF SLAVERY
COTTON BELT, Cotton Kingdom
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Federal
SOUTHERN SOCIETY

• Southern society was similar to a Feudal system
  that existed in Europe during the Dark and Middle
  Ages..(Manorial System)
• Caste system and difficult to move up the social
  ladder.
• Based on white supremacy and the slave was
  inferior.

Plantation owners Aristocracy
Upper class
Owned some slaves. Achieve American Dream
Middle ClassSmall farmers
Owned no slaves.Hated white upper classAmerican
Dream
Poor Whites
Free Blacks, 2nd class citizens
No political or civil rights.
Slaves---no rights, considered property
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Facts on Slavery
FACTS ON SLAVERY
Conditions on a slave ship were horrible. This
was called the Middle Passage.

• At the Constitutional Convention
• 3/5s Compromise
• 1807, imported slaves was abolished in the U.S.
• Fugitive Slave Law
• 90 of Europes cotton came from the South by
  1860
• 1/2 of U.S. exports were from cotton
• More money invested in slaves than land and
  tools---2 billion

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Picture/Slavery
FACTS ON SLAVERY

• More slaves you had the greater social status
• 2/3s of presidents since independence were
  slaveowners
• Majority of Supreme Court justices were from the
  South

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Facts on slavery
FACTS ON SLAVERY
Slaves being sold at an auction was prevalent
throughout the Southern U.S. right up to the
Civil War.

• More millionaires in the South than the North
• 75 of the cotton harvest was done by plantations
  with10 or more slaves.
• Slave population grew from natural reproduction
• There was a slave trade within the U.S.

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Picture/Cotton Kingdom
FACTS ON SLAVERY

• No political or civil rights to protect slaves
• U.S. was the largest slave institution in the
  world by 1860
• U.S. produced 7/8s of worlds cotton supply
• Peculiar Institution, to own another human being
  is immoral.
• Cotton is King/King Cotton
• South was not willing to change
• Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest
  of the U.S.

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Chart/Total slaves
FACTS ON SLAVERY
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Chart/Life expectancy
FACTS ON SLAVERY
Life Expectancy of Working Men, 1830 to 1920
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Chart Total Deaths
OF SOUTHERN WHITE FAMILIES OWNING SLAVES IN
1860

About 1,150,000 Southern white families owned no
slaves---75
About 384,000 Southern white families owned 1
slave or more---25
Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in
1860A total population of 7,981,000.
(Number of slaves)
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Chart/slave owners
FACTS ON SLAVERY

• Statistically only 25 of Southern families owned
  slaves
• 384,000 Southern families owned 1 or more slaves.
• 75 of Southern families did not own slaves.

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Chart/slave owners
FACTS ON SLAVERY

• Out of the 25 of slaveowners, here is the
  breakdown of the number of slaves.
• 75 owned 1 to 9 slaves.
• 22 owned 10 to 49 owned slaves.
• 3 owned 50 or more slaves.

384,000
1860
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Slave Revolts
SLAVE REVOLTS

• Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and
  later in the southern U.S.
• 250 insurrections have been documented between
  1780 and 1864.
• 91 African-Americans were convicted of
  insurrection in Virginia alone.
• First revolt in what became the United States
  took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near
  the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.

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Slave Revolts/Stono
SLAVE REVOLTS
Stono County Rebellion

• September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met
  near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles
  southwest of Charleston. They took guns and
  powder from a store and killed the two
  storekeepers they found there.
• "With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums,"
  "the rebels raised a standard and headed south
  toward Spanish St. Augustine . Burned houses, and
  killed white opponents.
• Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior
  to the American Revolution.
• Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100
  slaves. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black
  Carolinians were killed before the rebellion was
  suppressed.

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Slave Revolts
SLAVE REVOLTS

• Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and
  later in the southern U.S.
• Gabriel Prosser
• Denmark Vessey
• Nat Turner

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Slave Revolts/Prosser
SLAVE REVOLTS
Gabriel Prosser, (1776-1800), American leader of
an aborted slave uprising, whose intention was to
create a free black state in Virginia. Born near
Richmond, he was the son of an African mother who
instilled in him the love of freedom. Inspired
perhaps by the success of the black
revolutionaries of Haiti, he plotted with other
slaves, notably Jack Bowler, in the spring of
1800 to seize the arsenal at Richmond and kill
whites. On August 30, 1800, as many as 1000 armed
slaves gathered outside Richmond ready for
action. A torrential downpour and thunderstorm,
however, washed away a bridge vital to the
insurrectionists' march at the same time
Governor James Monroe, the future president, was
informed of the plot and dispatched the state
militia against them. Prosser and some 35 of his
young comrades were captured and hanged.
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Slave Revolts/Vessey
SLAVE REVOLTS
The leader of an American slave revolt in
Charleston, S.C., Denmark Vesey, b. Africa, 1767,
d. July 2, 1822, had been owned by a slave-ship
captain before he purchased his freedom (1800)
with 600 won in a street lottery. As a freedman
in Charleston, he worked at carpentry, became a
leader of his church, and read antislavery
literature. Determined to strike a blow against
the institution that had victimized him, he
devised an intricate conspiracy for an uprising
in Charleston and vicinity during the summer of
1822. Informers divulged the plot, however, and
35 blacks, including Vesey, were executed.
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Slave Revolts/Turner
SLAVE REVOLTS
Nat Turner Rebellion Nat Turner, a slave owned
by Joseph Travis of Southampton, Virginia,
believed that he had been chosen by God to lead a
slave rebellion. On 21st August, 1831, Turner and
seven fellow slaves, murdered Travis and his
family. Over the next two days and nights,
Turner's band killed around 60 white people in
Virginia. Turner had hoped that this action would
cause a massive slave uprising but only 75 joined
his rebellion. Over 3,000 members of the state
militia were sent to deal with Turner's gang, and
they were soon defeated. In retaliation, more
than a hundred innocent slaves were killed.
Turner went into hiding but was captured six
weeks later. Nat Turner was executed on 11th
November, 1831.
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Slave Revolts/Turner
SLAVE REVOLTS
Arrest of Nat Turner
Tree Nat Turner was hung on
Nat Turner Rebellion
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Slave Revolts
SLAVE REVOLTS
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Slave Revolts
SLAVE REVOLTS

• Besides slave revolts, slaves resorted to other
  ways to revolt..
• Wouldnt work hard.
• Would sabotage equipment or break tools.
• Sometimes poisoned their masters food.
• Tried to escape

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Slave Laws
SLAVE CODES AND LAWS

• Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to
  develop a series of slave laws/codes which
  restricted the movement of the slaves.
• Slaves were not taught to read or write
• Restricted to the plantation
• Slaves could not congregate after dark
• Slaves could not possess any type of firearm
• A larger slave plantation than white in some
  states
• Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant
  of the outside world because learning about life
  beyond the plantation could lead to more slave
  revolts and wanting to escape.

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Chart/Net Earnings
FACTS ON SLAVERY
of White to Black Population in 1860
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Slave Laws
SLAVE CODES OR LAWS
Slave Codes of the State of Georgia, 1848
SEC. I. CAPITAL OFFENSES. 1. Capital crimes
when punished with death. The following shall be
considered as capital offences, when committed by
a slave or free person of color insurrection, or
an attempt to excite it committing a rape, or
attempting it on a free white female murder of a
free white person, or murder of a slave or free
person of color, or poisoning of a human being
every and each of these offences shall, on
conviction, be punished with death.
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Slave Laws
SLAVE LAWS
Georgia Slave Code, 1848 2. Punishment of free
persons of color for encouraging slaves. If any
free person of color commits the offence of
encouraging or enticing away any slave or slaves,
for the purpose of, and with the intention to aid
and assist such slave or slaves leaving the
service of his or their owner or owners, or in
going to another state, such person so offending
shall, for each and every such offence, on
conviction, be confined in the penitentiary at
hard labor for one year.
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Slave Laws
SLAVE LAWS
Georgia Slave Code, 1848 3. Punishment for
teaching slaves or free persons of color to read.
If any slave, Negro, or free person of color,
or any white person, shall teach any other slave,
Negro, or free person of color, to read or write
either written or printed characters, the said
free person of color or slave shall be punished
by fine and whipping, or fine or whipping, at the
discretion of the court.
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Arguments for Slavery
ARGUMENTS FOR SLAVERY

• Economically profitable
• Slavery was in the Bible
• Duty of Southerners to Christianize the slaves,
  Positive Good
• Provided a better life for slaves than in Africa,
  Positive Good
• 5th Amendment legalized and protected slavery
  because slaves were considered property.

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Abolitionists
ABOLITIONIST ARGUMENTS

• Abolitionists believed slavery was
  immoral..Peculiar institution or it is odd,
  strange or weird to own another human being.
• Abolitionists argued slavery was immoral because
  it violated the ideals that this country was
  founded on.
• All men are created equal (DOI)
• If the U.S. was to succeed as a democratic
  society, slavery had to be abolished

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• Gag rule was passed in Congress which nothing
  concerning slavery could be discussed.
• Under the gag rule, anti-slavery petitions were
  not read on the floor of Congress
• The rule was renewed in each Congress between
  1837 and 1839.
• In 1840 the House passed an even stricter rule,
  which refused to accept all anti-slavery
  petition. On December 3, 1844, the gag rule was
  repealed

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Picture/Garrison
ABOLITIONISTS

• Through his newspaper, The Liberator, William
  Lloyd Garrison spoke out against slavery and for
  the rights of black Americans for 35 years. The
  tone of the paper was established in the first
  issue of the paper with Garrison's editorial
  entitled, "To the Public,
• On this subject, I do not wish to think, or
  speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a
  man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate
  alarm tell him to moderately rescue his wife
  from the hand of the ravisher tell the mother to
  gradually extricate her babe from the fire into
  which it has fallen -- but urge me not to use
  moderation in a cause like the present. I am in
  earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not
  excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND
  I WILL BE HEARD.

Garrison, a leader among American abolitionists,
delivered his views with great conviction, as
well as great foresight. "Posterity," he
concluded in the editorial, "will bear testimony
that I was right
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Picture/Douglass
ABOLITIONISTS

• Escaped slave in 1838
• Mother was a slave and father was white
• Great speaker against slavery
• Bought his freedom for 600.00
• Wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of
  Frederick Douglass
• Editor of the North Star--Abolitionist paper
• Friends with Garrison
• Organized the 54th Black Regiment of Mass

Frederick Douglas
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Reading/On Douglass
ABOLITIONISTS
After hearing Frederick Douglass speak in
Bristol, England, in 1846, Mary A. Estlin wrote
to an American abolitionist There is but one
opinion of him. Wherever he goes he arouses
sympathy in your cause and love for himself..Our
expectations were highly roused by his
narrative, his printed speeches, and the
eulogisms of the friends with whom he has been
staying but he far exceeds the picture we had
formed both in outward graces, intellectual power
and culture and eloquence.
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Picture/Tubman
ABOLITIONISTS

• Harriet Tubman, Moses of her people.
• Led over 300 escaped slaves out of the South
  during the 1850s.
• 40,000 bounty was placed on her head
• Conductor of the Underground Railroad
• Supplied money from abolitionists.

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Map/Underground RR
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Map/Underground RR

• The Underground Railroad existed as early as
  1786. It was started by the Quakers and spread
  through most of the North by 1830.
• One estimate places the number of African
  Americans who escaped through the Underground
  Railroad between 1830 and 1860 at 50,000.
• Underground Railroad provided food, shelter, and
  hiding places to runaway slaves as they escaped
  to Canada
• Violated the Fugitive Slave Law

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FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW

• Fugitive Slave Law was made law at the
  Constitutional Convention in 1787 as a compromise
  between the North/South.
• Any escaped slaves captured in the North or free
  state had to be returned to their plantation
  owner.
• Unpopular in the North and led to the creation of
  the Underground Railroad.
• Southerners became bitter towards the North
  because they refused to enforce it.

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Drinking Gourd
FOLLOW THE DRINKING GOURD Follow the drinking
gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man
is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you
follow the drinking gourd The riverbank will make
a very good road, The dead trees show you the
way, Left foot, peg foot, traveling on, Follow
the drinking gourd Follow the drinking gourd,
Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is
a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you
follow the drinking gourd The river ends between
two hills, Follow the drinking gourd, Theres
another river on the other side, Follow the
drinking gourd. Follow the drinking gourd, Follow
the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting
for to take you to freedom, If you follow the
drinking gourd Follow the drinking gourd, Follow
the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting
for to take you to freedom, If you follow the
drinking gourd Where the great big river meets
the little river, Follow the drinking gourd, The
old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom,
If you follow the drinking gourd.
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Picture/Stowe
ABOLITIONISTS

• Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abolitionist, authored the
  book Uncle Toms Cabin
• Book was used as propaganda to show the
  inhumanity of slavery.
• Southerners were enraged by this book and called
  it lies.

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In the closing scenes of Harriet Beecher Stowes
novel, Uncle Toms brutal master, Simon Legree,
orders the 1200.00 slave savagely beaten (to
death) by two fellow slaves. Through tears and
blood Tom exclaims, No! no! no! my soul aint
yours Masr! You havent bought it-----ye cant
buy it! Its been bought and paid for by One
that is able to keep it. No matter, no mater,
you cant harm me! I cant said Legree, with
a sneer well see----well see! Here, Sambo,
Quimbo, give this dog such a breakin in as he
wont get over this month!
Reading/Toms Cabin
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Picture/Thoreau
ABOLITIONISTS

• Abolitionist and transcendentalist
• Refused to pay a tax and spent a night in jail
  because the tax supported a war that was fought
  for slavery
• Mexican War
• Believer in Civil Disobedience or passive
  resistance---protest with non-violent actions
• Spent a night in jail over the Mexican War.

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Picture/Anthony Stanton
WOMEN'S RIGHTS

• 1830s to 1900s
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony
• Womens rights reformers
• citizenship
• right to vote
• education
• Supported the abolition of slavery

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Seneca Falls Declaration
SENECA FALLS DECLARATION
The first Womans rights movement was in Seneca
Falls, New York in 1849The following is an
excerpt from the Seneca Falls Declaration written
by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Notice that the
language and wording is similar to the
Declaration of Independence. We hold these truths
to be self-evident that all men and women are
created equal that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain inalienable rights that
among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness that to secure these rights
governments are instituted, deriving their just
powers from the consent of the governed
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Seneca Falls Declaration
SENECA FALLS DECLARATION

• The history of mankind is a history of repeated
  injuries and usurpations on the part of man
  toward woman, having in direct object the
  establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.
  To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid
  world.
• He has made her, if married, in the eye of the
  law, civilly dead.
• He has taken from all right in property, even to
  the wages she earns.

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Seneca Falls Declaration
SENECA FALLS DECLARATION
He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being,
as she can commit many crimes with impunity,
provided they be done in the presence of her
husband. In the covenant of marriage, she is
compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he
becoming, to all intents and purposes, her
master the law giving him power to deprive her
of her liberty, and to administer chastisement.
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Seneca Falls Declaration
SENECA FALLS DECLARATION
Susan B. Anthony on marriage and slavery The
married women and their legal status. What is
servitude? The condition of a slave. What is
a slave? A person who is robbed of the proceeds
of his labor a person who is subject to the will
of another I submit the deprivation by law of
ownership of ones own person, wages, property,
children, the denial of right as an individual,
to sue and be sued, to vote, and to testify in
the courts, is a condition of servitude most
bitter and absolute, though under the sacred name
of marriage.
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Throughout early American history women are seen
as virtuous protectors of American ideals -
liberty, freedom and righteousness. Despite this
women lack many legal rights during this time
they lack property rights, voting rights, the
right to serve on juries, etc. The early Womens
Movement seeks equal rights to men both in the
law and the workplace.
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Important Dates

• 1848 Womens Rights convention, Seneca Falls,
  NY
• 1889 Jane Adams founds Hull House in Chicago
• 1914 -18 Women protest US entry into World War
  I
• 1919 19th Amendment passes
• 1919 Temperance movement pushes the 20th
  Amendment prohibiting alcohol
• 1921 Margaret Sanger founds the American Birth
  Control League

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