Get a Grip

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Get a Grip on

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MAP Skills and Other Information

• Language Arts 9-12th grade
• Creator Julie Taylor
• MAP Standards
• Edit and Proofread Communications
• Writing Formally and Informally
• Analyze Literary Devices

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Get a Grip on Grammar A Review

• Language Arts
• 9-12th Grade

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What is Grammar?

• Journal What do you think Grammar is? Why do
  we need it? What do we use it for?

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What is Grammar?

• Traditionally, grammar is defined as a system of
  rules relating to the correct forms and relations
  of words.
  

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Grammar Just the Rules, Maam!

• Parts of Speech
• Types of Sentences
• Understanding basic grammar is critical because
  it lays the foundation for effective writing.
  Once you master these two elements, youre ready
  to use grammar as an effective vehicle of
  meaning.

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Vehicle of Meaning

• Expresses Authors Intent
• Expresses the Tone
• Provides Specific Information
• Creates Clarity
• Stimulates Interest
• Provides Variety

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Parts of Speech

• Noun
• Pronoun
• Verb
• Adjective

• Adverb
• Preposition
• Conjunction
• Interjection

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Noun and Pronoun

• Noun
• Name of a person, place, thing, or idea
• John is waving.
• Pronoun
• Used in place of a noun
• He is waving.

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Verb

• Expresses action or a state of being
• The carpenter is sawing the board.

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Adjective and Adverb

• Adjective
• Describes or modifies a noun
• or pronoun
• Adverb
• Modifies a verb, an adjective,
• or another adverb

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Adjective

• The funny clown is floating dangerously high
  above the ground.

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Adverb

• The funny clown is floating dangerously high
  above the ground.

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Preposition

• Shows the relationship between the object of the
  preposition and another word in the sentence
  
• He is running to the beach.

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Conjunction

• Connects individual words or groups of words
• He is running to the beach
• and is becoming tired.

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Interjection

• Included in a sentence in order to communicate
  strong emotion or surprise
  
• Oh no! I am stuck.

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Interjection

• Oh no! I am stuck.
• Punctuation is used to separate an interjection
  from the rest of the sentence.

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Types of Sentences

• In English, there are four types of
• sentencesWe are going to talk about the two main
  types...
  
• Simple
• Compound

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Simple Sentence

• Simple sentences
• Contain a subject and a verb
• Express a complete thought
• Last summer was unusually hot.

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Compound Sentence

• Compound sentences
• Contain two or more main clauses
• Last July was hot,
• main clause
• but August was even hotter.
• main clause

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Sentence Purposes

• Each type of sentence can serve one of four
  possible purposes. Those purposes are
  
• Declarative--Make a statement
• I came, I saw, I conquered. --Julius
  Caesar
  
• Interrogative--Ask questions
• How many roads must a man walk down before
  you can call him a man? --Bob Dylan
  

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More Sentence Purposes

• Imperative--Issue commands or requests
• Do not go gentle into that good night.
  --Dylan Thomas
  
• Exclamatory--Make exclamations
• Then go to the moon--you selfish dreamer!
  --Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
  

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Grammar Influences the Readers Perceptions

• Word Choice
• Sentence Structure
• Tone

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Intriguing Word Choices

• Increases reader interest
• Provides clarity
• Influences tone

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Examples of CaptivatingWord Choices

• The apparition of these faces in the crowd
• Petals on a wet, black bough.
• -- Ezra Pound
• Shut up, he lied. -- Damon Runyan
• I have measured out my life with coffee
  spoons
  
• -- T.S. Eliot

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Sentence Structure and Tone

• Notice how three authors of American literature
  use structure and tone to enhance the readers
  experience. By creating their own personal
  style, they bring a flavor to their work which
  makes it both completely original and timeless.

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Mark Twain

• You dont know about me, without you have read
  a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom
  Sawyer, but that aint no matter
  
• Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

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Ernest Hemingway

• The woman brought two glasses of beer and two
  felt pads. She put the felt pads and the beer
  glasses on the table and looked at the man and
  the girl. The girl was looking off at the line of
  hills. They were white in the sun and the country
  was brown and dry.
• Hills Like White Elephants

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William Faulkner

• He went on down the hill, toward the dark woods
  within which the liquid silver voices of the
  birds called unceasing-- the rapid and urgent
  beating of the urgent and querying heart of the
  late spring night. He did not look back.
• Barn Burning

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Foundations of Perception

• Your Prior Knowledge
• Your Personal Experiences
• Your Cultural Beliefs and Experiences
• Your Societal Beliefs and Experiences

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Elements of Effective Grammar

• Sentence variation
• Intriguing word choices that add flavor to your
  writing
  
• Use of the active voice

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Sentence Variation

• Vary the sentence length
• Vary the beginnings of the sentence
• Vary the arrangement
• Vary the types of sentences

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Results of Sentence Variation

• Increases interest
• Aids paragraph development

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Active Voice

• Concise writing
• Direct writing
• Vigorous writing

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Active Voice

• Notice how two masters
• of American literature use
• the active voice in their
• writing to make their writing
• concise, direct, and full of energy.

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Herman Melville

• Established in my new quarters, for a day or
  two I kept the door locked, and started at every
  footfall in the passages.
  
• Bartleby, the Scrivener

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Edgar Allen Poe

• While I nodded nearly napping, suddenly there
  came a tapping, as of some one gently rapping,
  rapping at my chamber door.
  
• The Raven

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Great Job!

• Youll do great on the test!