Joel Reedy and Shauna Schullo

1
Chapter 5

• An Introduction to the Internet

2
The Internet as a Whole

• The Internet began as a federal government
  project and is still growing because of the
  support of the government
• More recently, the Internet has evolved to
  satisfy the demands of commercial interests

3
The Internet as a Whole

• What is the Internet exactly?
• The Internet is a worldwide computer network
  accessed via modem, special communication lines
  or even satellite
• The Internet connects universities, government
  laboratories, businesses, and individuals around
  the world
• It can be thought of as a virtual community of
  cooperation, which covers the entire globe,
  spanning political, economical, and cultural
  spectrums
• The Internet is virtual in that it has no
  physical home or dimension, weight, or texture

4
The Internet as a Whole

• There is a significant difference between the
  Internet and commercial online services
• The online services are centrally controlled and
  programmed to serve the likes of the subscribers
• The Internet is decentralized with little control
  by any party

5
History of the Internet

• In the Beginning
• The first recorded description of interactions
  through networking was in a series of memos
  written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962
• In 1969, an experimental computer network called
  ARPANET was created to provide a test-bed for
  emerging network technologies

6
History of the Internet

• In the Beginning continued
• In 1973, Bob Kahn of DARPA posed an Internet
  problem that initiated the Internetting
  research program to develop communication
  protocols or agreed-upon standards, allowing
  networked computers to communicate transparently
  across multiple, linked packet networks.
•   Packets information would be broken into many
  smaller units that would be easier to route
  through the network
• In packet switching the information, be it a
  text message, a photograph or illustration,
  motion, or sound would be disassembled at the
  origin of the message into smaller packets

7
History of the Internet

• Internetting conntinued
• The system of protocols, which was developed over
  the course of this research effort, became known
  as the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• In 1971, Ray Tomlinson of Bolt Beranek Newman
  (BBN, www.bbn.com) invented the first e-mail
  program that could send messages across a
  distributed network
• In 1972, the first e-mail utility to list,
  selectively read, file, forward, and respond to
  messages was released
• The evolution of Telnet was developed by the
  National Center for Supercomputing Applications
  (NCSA) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

8
An Online Community Begins

• During 1980 through 1981, two other networking
  projects, BITNET and CSNET, were initiated
• Computer Science NETwork (CSNET) was initially
  funded by the National Science Foundation to
  provide networking services for university,
  industry, government, and computer science
  research groups with no access to ARPANET
• At its peak, CSNET had approximately two hundred
  participation sites and international connections
  to approximately fifteen countries

9
The Revolution Starts with the Explosion of
Personal Computers (PCs)

• In 1982 and 1983, the first desktop PC began to
  appear
• During 1985 through 1986, the U.S. National
  Science Foundation connected the nations six
  supercomputing centers together. This network
  was called the NSFNET, or NSFNET backbone, and
  today, provides a major backbone communication
  service for the Internet
• In 1986, the Internet Engineering Task Force and
  Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) came into
  existence under the IAB to assist in the
  organization and standardization of the Internet

10
The Revolution Starts with the Explosion of
Personal Computers (PCs)

• One of the first hard times (and resulting
  negative publicity) for the Internet came in 1988
  when an Internet worm burrowed through the Net,
  affecting approximately 6000 of the 60,000 host
  computers
• Soon after the worm incident, DARPA formed the
  Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)
• In 1989, in order to keep up with the demand for
  information, the NSFNET backbone was upgraded to
  T1, meaning it was able to transmit data at
  speeds of 1.5 million bits of data per second, or
  about fifty pages of text per second

11
The Revolution Starts with the Explosion of
Personal Computers (PCs)

• In 1991, the University of Minnesota developed
  Gopher
• The European Laboratory for Particle Physics in
  Switzerland (CERN, www.cern.ch/) introduced the
  World Wide Web (WWW.w3.org/)

12
The Revolution Starts with the Explosion of
Personal Computers (PCs)

• To ensure privacy on the newly formed Web, Pretty
  Good Privacy (PGP), security program was released
• In 1992, the Internet Society (ISOC) was
  chartered this organization is a voluntary
  membership whose purpose is to promote global
  information exchange through Internet technology

13
The Revolution Starts with the Explosion of
Personal Computers (PCs)

• The first audio multicast (March 1992) and video
  multicast (November 1992) were seen and heard on
  the Internet
• In 1993, the NSFNET backbone network was upgraded
  to T3 meaning it is able to transmit data at
  speeds of 45 million bits of data per second, or
  about 1400 pages of text per second

14
The World Goes Graphical

• During the period of 1993 through 19944, the
  graphical Web browsers Mosaic and Netscape
  Navigator were introduced and spread through the
  Internet community
• WWW Worms are joined by Spiders, Wanderers,
  Crawlers, and Snakes are programs which make it
  easier to find information on the Internet
• Communities began to be wired up directly to the
  Internet
• The Web surpassed FTP in March 1995, based on
  byte count

15
The World Goes Graphical

• Registration of domain names was no longer free
  beginning September 14, 1995, a 50 annual fee
  was imposed
• The year, 1996, the Internet allowed phone
  companies to sign up users providing the user
  access to the Internet and various ISPs suffered
  extended service outages, bringing into questions
  whether they would be able to handle the growing
  number of users
• In 1997, the American Registry of Internet
  Numbers (ARIN) was established to handle
  administration and registration of IP numbers to
  the geographical areas currently handled by
  Network Solutions

16
Current Internet Usage Trends

• A good place to start looking at the statistical
  data on Internet trends and usage is a Yahoo!
  home page address, (www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_In
  ternet/Internet/Statistics_and_Demographics/),
  where many useful sites are listed under
  Computers and Internet/Internet/Statistics
• Stat Market (www.statmarket.com), a global site
  that keeps statistics on most used browsers,
  operating systems, busiest times of the day, and
  other useful Internet usage research

17
Current Internet Usage Trends

• Through a Web address, additional information on
  Web travelers can be obtained
• You can glean some information about the person
  or organization that created a Web page by the
  address or Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of the
  page you are viewing

18
Current Internet Operation and Tools

• The architecture of the Internet is simple.
  Based on the concept of a client-server
  relationship between computer and a line of
  transmission

19
Current Internet Operation and Tools

• E-mail stands for electronic mail. It was
  designed for personal and business communications
  through the Internet
• To use e-mail, a user must have an electronic
  post office or e-mail address. This address is
  comprised of
• A user name
• A machine or host name
• A domain
• Along with e-mail come List Servers or listservs

20
Current Internet Operation and Tools

• Telnet
• Host has a gateway to other hosts
• Access remote Multi-User Dimensions (MUDs)
• Multi-User Simulation Environments (MUSEs)
• File Transfer Protocol
• The World Wide Web
• Search Tools