Group Defined

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Group Defined
A group is two or more people who interact with
one another such that each person influences and
is influenced by each other person. A work group
is a group that interacts primarily to share
information and to make decisions to help each
other perform within his or her area of
responsibility
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Why Do People Join Groups?

• Security
• Status
• Self-Esteem
• Affiliation
• Power
• Goal Achievement
• Identification

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Types of Groups
Informal Group
Informal Group
Formal Group
Established by its members consists of the
friendship group, which is relatively permanent,
and the interest group, which may be shorter
lived.
Formed by an organization to do its work usually
included in the organization chart.
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Formal Groups

• Formal groups are established by the organization
  to do its work.
• Formal groups include
• The command group, which is a relatively
  permanent, formal group with functional reporting
  responsibility.
• The task group, which is a relatively temporary,
  formal group established to do a specific task.

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Informal Groups

• Informal groups are formed by their members
• Informal groups include
• Friendship groups, which arise out of the cordial
  relationships among group members.
• Interest groups, which are organized around a
  common activity or interest.

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A Closer Look at the Definition of Group

• The definition does not state that group members
  must share a goal or motivation.
• The definition suggests a limit on group size.
• A collection of people so large that its members
  cannot interact with and influence one another
  does not meet this definition.
• In reality, the dynamics of large assemblies of
  people usually differ significantly from those of
  small groups.

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Classification Scheme for Types of Groups
Relatively Permanent
Relatively Temporary
Formal
Command groups Special Events Committees
Quality assurance Student Project
Team department
Cost accounting Task force on group
new-product quality
Informal
Friendship groups Interest groups
Friends who do many Bowling group activities
together
Student Network
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Stages of Group Development Alternative Model
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Group Performance Factors
Size
Composition
Performance
Cohesiveness
Norms
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Group Cohesiveness

• Group Cohesiveness
• The extent to which a group is committed to
  remaining together.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING COHESIVENESS

• Frequency of interaction
• Interpersonal attractiveness
• Rigor of initiation
• Agreement on group goals
• Group success
• Outside threats

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Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness,
Performance Norms, and Productivity
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Group Composition
Task Variables and Group Composition
A homogeneous group is A heterogeneous group
more useful for is more
useful for
Simple tasks Complex
tasks Sequential tasks Collective
tasks Tasks that require Tasks that
require cooperation creativity Tasks
that must be done Tasks that need not be
quickly done quickly

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Group Size

• Group Size
• The number of members of the group it affects
  the number of resources available to perform the
  task.
• The likelihood of Social Loafing increases as
  size increases

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Group Norms

• Group Norms
• A norm is a standard against which the
  appropriateness of a behavior is judged.
• Group norms usually are established during the
  second stage of group development.

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HOW WHY NORMS DEVELOP

• Explicit statements made by a group member
• Critical events in the group's history
• Primacy 
• Carry-over behaviours from past situations

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Roles

• A role is a set of expected behaviour patterns
  attributed to someone occupying a given position
  in a social unit.
• Role Identity Certain attitudes and behaviours
  consistent with a role
• Role Perception An individuals view of how he
  or she is supposed to act in a given situation
• Role Expectations How others believe a person
  should act in a given situation
• Role Conflict A situation in which an individual
  is confronted by divergent role expectations

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Team Ontario (A)

• How should Coach Bowker build the players into a
  cohesive team? How important is having a cohesive
  team to the effectiveness of their play?
• How should Coach Bowker organize his coaching
  team?
• What values/personality characteristics seem to
  describe Coach Bowker and the members of Team
  Ontario? Do you think these attributes will
  enable them to be successful in their careers
  after hockey?
• What are the attitudes and skills that can be
  learned in team sport that help prepare us for
  life and career? Are there attitudes learned in
  sport that may prove troublesome later in life?
• What lessons from managing a team in sport may be
  particularly useful in building and developing
  teams in business organizations?

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Team Ontario (B)

• Why was Team Ontario successful at the Canada
  Winter Games?
• Does Team Ontario possess the characteristics of
  an effective team?
• Why did Team Ontario become so cohesive? Did this
  cohesiveness contribute to their effectiveness as
  a team? In what ways?
• Are there lessons from Team Ontario for leading
  and building teams in business?
• How would you characterize Coach Bowkers
  coaching and leadership style? Are there
  circumstances where his style would be more
  effective? Less effective?
• Could other coaching styles have been equally
  effective with Team Ontario?

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Lessons From Sports Teams from which
Organizational Teams Might Benefit

• Integrate cooperation and competition
• Orchestrate early wins
• Break losing streaks manage attributions
• Carve out time for practice
• Call half-time take time for process issues
• Keep team membership stable
• Study the game video self-assessment