Mapuche Women

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Mapuche Women
Slide 3
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Struggle of Mapuche women

• Mapuche women link struggle as women
• to..struggle of the Mapuche people as whole
  
• Gender identity is mediated by being indigenous

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Mapuche history

• Unique history
• Never defeated by Incas of Peru
• Pre-hispanic indigenous conflict--North

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Conflict with Spain

• Never defeated by Spain
• First confrontation1546
• Treaty--only group with whom Spain
• signed treaty
• 16411803
• BioBio river boundary beween Spanish and
  Mapuche territory

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Late 19th century Mapuche family
group-Grandmother, children and grandchildren
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Mapuche language

• Mapuche--The Men (People) Of The Earth
• The Mapuche People called themselves "People of
  the Earth"  (MAPUEARTH, CHEPEOPLE).
• Their Language "MAPUDUNGUN" is defined as the
  language of the Earth

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Toqui Lautaro, the Mapuche warrior leader who
defeated the Spaniards in the battle of Mariquenu
in 1554.
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Traditional Dress

Slide 3
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Traditional silver adornments
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Machi medicine woman

• In the Mapuche tradition, Machi is the Healer -
  Medicine Women - Curandera.   Machi guides
  spiritual ceremonies and rituals, and like a
  Medicine Women, she uses a variety of different
  herbs for healing purposes.   She is also a
  midwife.  Machi uses, during times of ceremonies,
  protective amulets and symbols, entwining
  themselves in their mystery with the earth and
  Gods.   By wearing protectives amulets they feel
  protected against the spells and incantations of
  evil spirits.
•    Some of the Ceremonies Machi's Guide
•       Machitun Healing the sick      Magical
  ritual of initiation of the Machi      Blessings
  for good harvest      Guillatun

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Machi Margarita
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Rehue

• Re genuine, exclusiveHue place where something
  happened
• Rehue Is the Sacred Tree., an Altar.  It is the
  path that links the Machi with their GOD(CHAU)
  and their Ancestor's spirits.In the Nquillatun
  Ceremony all the offerings, food and beverages,
  are placed under the Rehue.   Machi climbs to
  the top of the Rehue, the place that is the
  closest to the spirits, far away from the people
  and the earth.   And from this place she starts
  her comunication with GOD(CHAU). Machi receives
  guidance and visions in answer to her petition.
   She then shares this quidance with her
  community.Rehue is also a place of hierarchy
  and is built in front of Machi's house "Ruca",
  so everybody knows her hierarchy.   This Sacred
  figure from the Araucanos-Mapuche people,
  represents their spiritual and religious beliefs
  and is their Key to communicate with
  GOD(CHAU).From the conqueror's time until now,
   Rehue continue with the challenge of the time
  passing by, the evolution of things and it is an
  eternal symbol of enduring of the
  Araucanos-Mapuche people culture.

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Rehue
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Farm workmapuche woman
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Lonko Esteban from Nahuel Huapi Longko or
Chieftain
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Group of Mapuche weavers
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Mapuche loom
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Mapuche woman and cart near Temuco
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Mapuche weaver
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Social movements

• 1.Rebellion against Spain
• 1546 first confrontation
• 1641, 1803Treaties
• 2. Independence 1810-1818
• war of independence
• Mapuche on side of Spanish crown

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• Chileannation with independence
• wanted rich farmland
• 1850s --colonization and seizure of lands
• 1869War of Extermination
• Pacification of the Araucania
• 1881ultimate defeat of Mapuche

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• By 1920---reduced to 3000small communities
• Forced into being peasantssmall scale
• agriculture

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Population size

• 4-10 of population
• Rural mapuche---majority live in family
  lands/communities
• 60--reside in urban areas

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Allende period

• Benefited by Agrarian Reform
• ButMapuches treated as campesinos,
• Not indigenous people
• 1972landmark law
• first time recognized legallyindep.
• of their land

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Pinochet period

• Victimized during dictatorship
• repression
• landseen as legal destruction of
• people
• Mobilized against the dictatorship

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Democracy returns

• 1989Nueva Imperial Agreement
• ConcertacionP. Aylwin
• Contents
• protect and expand land

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Social Movements

• Ralco Dam --opposition

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Identity and political coalitions

• National viewChilean nation
• Diversity
• Folklore
• Additiveexpansion of equality
• class, gender, ethnicity
• Rightsas indigenous people

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Bolivia
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