Global Water Policy CL 946

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Global Water Policy(CL 946)

• Week 5
• Water Supply, Sanitation Health
• Kevin Prior

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TurnitinUK

• CL946 Global Water Policy
• To enroll in this class, you require the
  enrollment password and the class ID
• class ID 144675
• enrollment password Water

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Todays Agenda

• Access to Water Supply Sanitation
• Public Health and Water Services
• Alternative Water Supplies
• Discussion of Policy Issues

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Meeting Societys Requirements
Latham, B CIWEM 1994
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Bust the Myth

• This is NOT a technology issue !
• The technologies are well understood and
  available
• They are not costly or sophisticated
• It IS a political issue
• The will to finance and deliver initiatives
• Provide soft aid

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Improved vs non-improved
Source WHO 2002 for World Water Assessment Report
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water resource development
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Improved Water Coverage
SourceUNICEF/WHO JMP 2008
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Urban vs Rural Piped Water connections
SourceUNICEF/WHO JMP 2008
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Arsenic in Groundwater
M Amini et al, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
2008, DOI10.1021/es702859eM Amini et
al, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, DOI10.1021/es07
1958y
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Fluoride in Groundwater
M Amini et al, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
2008, DOI10.1021/es702859eM Amini et
al, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, DOI10.1021/es07
1958y
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Improved Sanitation Coverage
SourceUNICEF/WHO JMP 2008
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Urban vs Rural Sanitation coverage
SourceUNICEF/WHO JMP 2008
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MDG Sanitation Target Progress
SourceUNICEF/WHO JMP 2008
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Major Diseases attributable to environmental
factors
Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY). The DALY
is a summary measure of population health. It
represents a lost year of healthy life.
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faecal-oral transmission route
Source WaterAid Technical Notes
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Blocking the faecal-oral transmission route
Source WaterAid Technical Notes
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Policy Issue

• What issues would be alleviated by the provision
  of improved water supply sanitation services?
• How would you value them in terms of water supply
  sanitation initiatives?

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Benefit Cost Ratio
Source Water a Shared Responsibility UN WWDR No1
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Non Financial Benefits

• Improved sanitation cuts disease, saves lives and
  reduces healthcare costs
• Women and girls in particular benefit greatly
  from better sanitation.
• Installing toilets in schools has been shown to
  improve girls attendance, for example, UNICEF
  found that providing toilets in schools in
  Bangladesh boosted girls attendance by 11 per
  cent.
• Reduced illness and improved levels of education
  make it easier for people to work and help
  themselves out of poverty.

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Average Water Consumption l/d
Authors consolidation from various public data
sources
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Domestic Water Use
Authors consolidation from various public data
sources
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Water Use

• Consumption Reduction
• Technically possible
• Many technologies off the shelf now
• Issues
• Policy initiatives required
• Low cost of water services
• Political /societal acceptance of paying for
  water
• Alternative Supplies

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Policy Issue

• How can domestic users be motivated to be more
  water efficient ?
• What steps can be taken to promote water
  efficiency behaviours?

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Alternative Water Supplies

• Direct Re-use
• Indirect potable re-use
• Direct non-potable domestic re-use (Grey Water )
• Rain Water Harvesting
• Black Water
• Sewer Mining

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Rain Water Harvesting

• 1 mm of rain per m2 1 litre of harvested water
• Annual rainfall x system efficiency (90) x
  run-off coefficient (pitched tiles roof 0.75)
  annual collection
• Replace up to 85 of mains water on commercial
  installations
• Germany has over 100 times more installations
  than the UK

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Waste Water System Vulnerabilities

• Higher strength effluents
• Changes in sewage chemistry
• Fate of compounds
• Changes in treatability
• Lower sewerage system flows
• Solids deposition
• Increase in septicity
• Increase in odour and nuisance

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Climate change sewers

• Higher intensity summer storms
• Longer duration winter storms
• Increased storm volumes
• Change in storm water quality
• Stronger sewage during dry periods

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Potential Outcomes

• Reduction in the absolute quantity of water used
• Greater use of non-potable water sources
• Understanding the impacts on treatment processes
  and sewerage

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The First Assessment

• Prepare a briefing paper considering
• The role of stakeholder involvement in
  achieving overall water policy objectives 1,000
  words (20 of overall mark) due 1000 am 4th
  November 2009

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Question Time

• Any questions about the first assignment?
• The module so far ?

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References

• Water in a Changing World UN WWDR No3
• Water a Shared Responsibility UN WWDR No1
• World Health Organization and United Nations
  Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for
  Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). Progress on
  Drinking Water and Sanitation Special Focus on
  Sanitation. UNICEF, New York and WHO, Geneva,
  2008
• Stakeholder involvement in options assessment
  promoting dialogue in meeting water and energy
  needs - a sourcebook, The World Bank, 2003
  download from http//go.worldbank.org/IP012A5IV0
  
• Drinking Water Quality, Problems and Solutions,
  Gray N. F. Cambridge University Press, 2008

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