Chapter 42 study guide

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Chapter 42 study guide

• Germ cells
• Endoderm
• Mesoderm
• ectoderm

• Primary tissues
• D. Epithelium
• E. Connective
• F. Muscle
• G. Nerve

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• The primary germ layers form quite early in
  embryogeny. They appear, for example, during the
  16th day of human embryonic development.
• The outermost layer is called the ectoderm the
  innermost, the endoderm. Between these two layers
  lies the mesoderm.

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• Soon, however, they begin to take on different
  characteristics. In each layer of the embryo,
  unique tissues and organs begin to take shape.

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• Every adult organ is identified with one of the
  germ layers. However, it should be understood
  that no structure in the adult body is the
  exclusive product of a single germ layer.

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• 1. Heart tissue,
• 2. Stomach tissue,
• 3. Lung tissue (1),
• 4. Primary tissue,
• 5. Retinal tissue,
• 6. Lung tissue (2),
• 7. Inner ear tissue,
• 8. Destroyers,
• 9. Erythrocytes
•  

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2. Name each of the types of cells

• Motor neurone

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• Cardiac muscle

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Bone

• bone

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• Skeletal Muscle Animation

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7. advantages/disadvantages skeleton

• Collagen fibers are flexible but weak
• Hydroxyapatite crystals rigid but strong
• Structure on next slide

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• ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES ARE OPPONENTS, MUSCLES WHICH
  HAVE OPPOSING OR OPPOSITE FUNCTIONS. A muscle
  pulls when it contracts, but exerts no force when
  it relaxes and CANNOT PUSH.  When one muscle
  Pulls a bone in one direction, another muscle is
  needed to PULL the bone in the other direction.

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Antagonistic example biceps bend and triceps
straighten.
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• SYNERGISTIC MUSCLES ARE THOSE WITH THE SAME
  FUNCTION, OR THOSE THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM
  A PARTICULAR FUNCTION.  They also stabilize a
  joint to make a more precise movement possible.

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• Synergistic example, the finger flexor muscles
  cross both the wrist and finger joints. You can
  make a fist without bending your wrist because
  synergist muscles stabilize the wrist joints.

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What causes rigor mortis

• Rigor mortis refers to the state of a body after
  death, in which the muscles become stiff. It
  commences after around 3 hours, reaching maximum
  stiffness after 12 hours, and gradually
  dissipates until approximately 72 hours after
  death. Rigor mortis occurs due to changes in the
  physiology of muscles when aerobic respiration
  ceases.

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Multiple choice

• Peritoneal is abdominal. Note position of
  diaphragm

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• Exoskeleton

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• Internal supporting structure of vertebrates,
  made up of cartilage or bone. It provides
  support, and acts as a system of levers

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• Howstuffworks "How Muscles Work"