COMP 323: Research Administration for Scientists

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COMP 323 Research Administration for Scientists

• Introduction and Overview
• History of Research Funding in US
• Overview of Federal Budget Process
• Overview of Federal Research Budget
• January 18, 2006

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Email quigg_at_cs.unc.edu
Web page http//www.cs.unc.edu/quigg/
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When did the federal government
become involved in
funding university research?
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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Before WWII

• Mainly internal sources

Agriculture

• Notable exception

• Morrill Act of 1862 Land-Grant Colleges
• 30,000 acres of federal land/congressional
  representative to each State

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Sold to provide a perpetual endowment fund for

• at least one college where the leading object
  shall be, without excluding other scientific and
  classical studies and including military
  tactics, to teach such branches of learning as
  are related to agriculture and the mechanic
  arts

• Kentucky (50/acre) Cornell (5.50/acre)

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Second Morrill Act of 1890

• In order to get , State had to show that race
  was not a criterion for admission to land-grant
  institution or
• Designate a separate land-grant college for
  blacks
• 1890 land-grants created all over the
  then- segregated South

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Hatch Act of 1887 Agriculture Experiment
  Station
• Annual appropriation State match required

• Smith-Lever Act of 1914 Cooperative
  Extension Service
• Annual appropriation State match required

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• During WWII

• University scientists mobilized to apply
  expertise to war effort

• National Defense Research Council
• Formed by FDR in June, 1940
• Forum for bringing university/industry/
  government scientists together
• 18 month head-start on Pearl Harbor

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Office of Scientific Research and Defense
  (OSRD)
• May 1941
• Dr. Vannevar Bush, Director

• Mission to explore a possible government role
  to encourage future scientific progress.
• Civilian, not military, control

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• OSRD contracted work to other institutions
• Carnegie Institute of Technology Large Rocket
  Lab
• MIT Radiation Lab
• Western Electric and Bell Labs Sound
  Amplification

• Emphasis on concentrated, massive rapid
  development
• Production from model to field e.g., Japanese
  torpedo jammer developed in one week

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Three critical secret projects pivotal to
  allied victory in WWII

• Atomic bomb (Manhattan project)
• Radar
• 1935 NRL ship radar
• 1942 MIT high-frequency, narrow-beam,
  high-resolution
• Manufactured by Sperry, Westinghouse, Philco
  (for aircraft)

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Proximity (variable time) fuze

• Prior to WWII timed fuze or contact fuze
• Neither effective against highly maneuverable
  airplanes
• Section T Applied Physics Lab at Johns
  Hopkins University assigned task of developing
  proximity fuze for Navys 5 guns

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Theory

• Fuze contains miniature radio
  transmitter-receiver
• Sends out signal
• When signal reflected back from target reaches
  a certain frequency (caused by proximity to
  target) a circuit closes firing a small charge
  which detonates projectile

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Problems

• Components tiny glass vacuum tubes
• Force of 20,000 gs when fired (2800 ft./sec.
  muzzle velocity)
• 25,000 revolutions/minute through rifling
  grooves
• Moisture
• Self-destruct feature for dudes

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Importance to war effort

• James V. Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy
  said, The proximity fuze has helped me blaze
  the trail to Japan. Without the protection this
  ingenious device has given the surface ships of
  the fleet, our westward push could not have been
  so swift and the cost in men and ships would
  have been immeasurably greater
• Prime Minister, Winston S. Churchill was
  quoted with These so- called proximity fuzes,
  made in the United States.., proved potent
  against the small unmanned aircraft (V-1) with
  which we were assailed in 1944.
• And Commanding General of the Third Army,
  George S. Patton said, The funny fuze won the
  Battle of the Bulge for us. I think that when
  all armies get this shell we will have to devise
  some new method of warfare.

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• Bushs final report The Endless Frontier
• Two principles for expanding R D in U.S.
  Universities
• Federal government as patron of science
• Government support should ensure a free rein of
  investigation by scientists into topics and
  methods of their choice

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History External Support for University
Research in U.S.

• This report lead to the establishment of
  National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1950
• Independent government agency
• National Science Board
• 24 members plus director
• Appointed by President

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Overview of Federal Budget Process
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Executive Office of the President (EXOP) White
House Office
Office of Management Budget (OMB)
Office of the Vice President (OVP)
Presidents Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
(PFIAB)
National Security Council (NSC)
Office of Policy Development (OPD)
US Trade Representative (USTR)
Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
Office of Administration (OA)
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
Primarily career staff
Council of Environmental Quality (CEQ)
Office of Science Technology Policy (OSTP)
Political
Mix of detailees, career, political
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The Budget Process
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The Budget Process
Guidance
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The Budget Process
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The Budget Process
Budget Request
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The Budget Process
Passback
Budget Request
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The Budget Process
Appeal
Passback
Budget Request
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The Budget Process
Presidents Budget Request
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The Budget Process

• Budget Resolution
• 302(b) Allocation
• Subcommittee Markup
• Committee Markup
• Floor Vote
• Conference

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The Budget Process
SAPs
Hearings

• Budget Resolution
• 302(b) Allocation
• Subcommittee Markup
• Committee Markup
• Floor Vote
• Conference

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The Budget Process
Bills
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The Budget Process
Apportionment

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The DOE/SC Budget Cycle
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Overview of Federal Budget
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Government Spending as a Share of GDP, 2000
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Outlays as a Percent of GDP
Between 1966 and 1999, spending on Social
Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and interest as
a percentage of GDP grew, while spending on
defense fell.
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Total Government Surplus or Deficit as a Percent
of GDP
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The National Debt Is 8.1 Trillion!
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U.S. NATIONAL DEBT CLOCK The Outstanding Public
Debt as of 17 Jan 2006 at 063553 PM GMT is
The estimated population of the United States is
298,275,804so each citizen's share of this debt
is 27,431.22.
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Composition of Federal Revenues
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The Federal Government Dollar--Where It Goes
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Historical RD Priorities(obligations, in 1996
constant dollars)
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FY 2002 Proposed RD Budget (98 Billion BA)
Total includes additions resulting from Defense
Budget Amendment
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05p2
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actrnd03
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aclifp03
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Earmarks to Universities CollegesIncreasing
and Undermining Competitive, Merit-Based Efforts
in Some Fields
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Further Information

• OMB website
• www.whitehouse.gov/omb
• Presidents budget
• w3.access.gpo.gov/usbudget
• AAAS Science Policy Programs
• www.aaas.org/spp/
• DOEs Office of Science
• www.er.doe.gov
• NSF Science Resources Studies
• www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/fedfunds/start.htm

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Awards in Millions at UNC-CH
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Sponsored awards vs state appropriations at UNC-CH
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Research Dollars vs Staffing at UNC-CH
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Remember
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Reading Assignments for Next Week The
Art of Grantsmanship by Jacob Kraicer
http//www.utoronto.ca/cip/sa_ArtGt.pdf
Zen in the Art of Grantsmanship
http//www.mindspring.com/bozartmt/zen_in.htm
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