Remaining Schedule

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Remaining Schedule

• Nov. 22Congress and the bureaucracy
• Paper due!!!!!
• Nov. 24No class (Thanksgiving)
• Nov. 29Congress and the courts
• Dec. 1Congressional budgeting
• Dec. 6No class
• Dec. 8Wrap up and review
• Dec. 16Final (1030 AM)

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Congress the President

• November 17, 2005

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Congressional-Presidential Conflict

• Legislation the agenda
• Foreign policy
• Budget
• Implementation of laws

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Exec. Office of the President
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EOP Size
6
EOP Size
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EOP Budget
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EOP Budget
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Agenda Setting

• Determining what requires action
• Easier for the president
• Congressional leaders more active 1995-2000

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White House Lobbying

• Favors
• Favor
• Superintend the legislative process
• Work with the party leadership
• Muscle
• Direct involvement
• Going public

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Presidential Victories
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Presidential Support
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Determinants of Success

• Unified v. divided government
• Partisanship
• Honeymoon

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Vetoes and Veto Threats

• Why veto?
• Dont like the bill (infrequent)
• Dont like part of the bill (frequent)
• Veto threats An attempt at earlier influence
• Vetoes are hard to override
• Sometimes get around with a new bill

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Line Item Veto

• Veto parts of the bill without vetoing the whole
  bill
• Enacted by Republicans in 1995
• Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional

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Vetoes and Overrides
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Congress Foreign Policy
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Constitutional Powers

• Ratify treaties
• Declare war
• Regulate foreign commerce
• Raise and support armed forces
• Power of the purse

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When Is Congress Strong?

• Weak presidential leadership
• High public concern over international role
• Domestic issues impinge on foreign affairs

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Policy Types

• Structural policies
• Producing and deploying resources or personnel

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Structural Policies

• Congressional military industrial complex
• Weapons systems
• Military base closings
• Trade politics

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Policy Types

• Structural policies
• Strategic policies
• Advance nations objectives militarily or
  diplomatically

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Strategic Policies

• Power of the purse
• Post-Cold War spending
• Spending on diplomacy foreign aid
• Treaties and executive agreements
• Other powers
• Oversight
• Legislative mandates

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Policy Types

• Structural policies
• Strategic policies
• Crisis policies
• Protect the nations safety against specific
  foreign or domestic threats

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Crisis Policies Constitutional

• Only 5 declarations of war

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Crisis Policies Constitutional

• Only 5 declarations of war
• War of 1812 (1812-1814)
• Mexican War (1846-1848)
• Spanish American War (1898)
• WWI (1917-1918)
• WWII (1941-1945)

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Crisis Policies Constitutional

• Only 5 declarations of war
• 300 armed conflicts
• Korea (Truman Eisenhower)
• Vietnam (EisenhowerNixon)
• Grenada (Reagan)
• Somalia (Clinton)
• Iraq (Bush)

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Crisis Policies Constitutional

• Only 5 declarations of war
• 300 armed conflicts
• Congress is reluctant to halt combat once it has
  begunbut can hedge U.S. efforts
• Republican Senate enacted a demand for set time
  frame for U.S. withdrawal from Iraq
• McCain also got torture language passed

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War Powers Resolution

• Passed over Nixons veto (1973)
• Requires president to . . .
• Consult with Congress before deploying troops
• Report any troop commitment w/in 48 hrs.
• Terminate deployment in 60 days absent
  congressional approval
• 111 reports (trough 2003)

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Impact on Other Areas

• Can presidents get more in periods of crisis?
  Maybe
• Use of force and spending authority
• USA Patriot Act
• Homeland Security

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Use of Force

• Proposed resolution gave the president authority
  to use all necessary force against those
  nations, organizations, or persons he determines
  planned, organized, harbored, committed or aided
  in the planning or commission of the attacks AND
  to deter and preempt any future acts of
  terrorism or aggression against the United
  States.

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Use of Force

• Enacted resolution gave the president authority
  to use all necessary force against those
  nations, organizations, or persons he determines
  planned, organized, harbored, committed or aided
  in the planning or commission of the attacks.

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Summing Up

• Policymaking is a joint process
• President has some advantages, but so does
  Congress
• Which institution dominates is in part a function
  of the political environment