BIL102

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BIL102

• Introduction to
• Scientific Engineering Computing

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Instructor

• Nüzhet Dalfes
• Associate Professorat theEurasian Institute of
  Earth Sciences
• Also, Adviser to the Rector for Information
  Technologies
• dalfes_at_itu.edu.tr
• 285-3930 (x145)

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Common informatics curriculum at ITU

• Intro. to Computers and Information Systems
• Intro. to Scientific and Engineering Computing

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Intro. to Computers and Information Systems

• A first introduction to the world of computers
• Basic skills in using computers for communication
  and computing
• Basic skills for efficient use of information
  systems
• Internet
• Library systems

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Intro. to Scientific and Engineering Computing

• Basic skills for scientific/engineering problem
  solving using computers
• Data structures and algoritms
• Programming skills in a (standard) language
• Skills for integrating the computing
  chainAnalyze à Program à Run à Visualize

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BIL102

• Taught in three versions
• Fortran 90
• C
• Combo Fortran 90 C Java Javascript
• You are Section I
• Metallurgical Engg
• Food Engg

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Intranet-assisted course

• Everything (almost) will be available at the Web
  site
• It is imperative that you should
• have an e-mail address
• and be comfortable with a browser(Internet
  Explorer or Netscape)
• Register yourself to HIM(Homework Information
  System)

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Working environment

• Windows NT 4.0
• Browser, etc.
• F_World
• Linux
• Text editor (pico)
• Compiler (F )
• Mail (pine)

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IMPORTANT

• What you will be reading on this screen will
  always be available at the Web site
• Taking notes its up to you to decide!

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Textbook(s)

• Programming in F
• T.M.R. Ellis and Ivor R. Philips
• Ordered for the M.I.L.s Reserve Section
• Photocopies available Fen-Edebiyat printshop
• Essential Fortran 90 95
• Loren P. Meissner
• 5 copies at the M.I.L.s Reserve Section

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Schedule

• Wednesday 1400 - 1700
• 75 min. lecture 15 min. break 75 min.
  lecture/demo
• Out lt 1645

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Requirements

• Homework assignments 20 10 x 2
• Every week (except the first one)
• Pick it up from to Web site turn it in by HIS
• Due the end of week after.
• Quizes 40 4 x 10
• 5 quizes in total randomly distributed!
• On paper (for the moment!)
• Final 40

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How do we use computers in science and
engineering?

• To organize and analyze data
• Excel, Access, ...
• To understand the implications of a model of
  (i.e. to simulate) a natural or human-made system

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Simulation of natural/artificial systems

• Build a conceptual à quantitative model (most of
  the time, write down the appropriate equations)
• Formulate a solution to these equations using
  numerical methods
• Data structures algorithms
• Program these data structures and algorithms in a
  language
• Run the program and analyze its output using
  visualization techniques

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A brief history of computing machines

• Early computing devices
• 1822 Charles Babbage - Difference Engine -
  Analytical EngineAda Augusta - the first
  programmer
• 1944 Mark I, an electromechanical computer
• Electronic computers
• First generation - vacuum tubes
• 1946 ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and
  Computer
• UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
• Second generation 1959-1965 transistors
• 1958 IBM 7090
• 1963 PDP-8, the first minicomputer
• Third generation 60-70 integrated circuits
• 1964 IBM System/360
• Fourth generation VLSI

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Computing systems

• Central processing unit (CPU) has registers
• Memory (these days, RAM, Random Access Memory
• Input/Output units video cardmonitor, keyboard,
  etc.
• Storage units disks

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Computer memory organization

• Units of measure
• Basic unit bit
• 8 bits 1 byte
• 1024 bytes 1 Kbyte or 1 K
• 1024 K 1 Megabyte or 1 M
• CPU registrers, RAM, ROM Read-Only Memory
• n bytes 1 word (n4, 8, etc.) ð 1 word 32
  bits, or 64 bits, etc.

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Computer memory organization contd

• Associated with each word or byte is an address
• As far as the computer is concerned, instructions
  are data

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How to tell a computer what to do?

• 0001101101010110 00011011010101100101101111010110
  00011011110101101101101111010110
  0111101111010110
• MOV A, ACCMUL B, ACCADD C, ACC

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How do we tell these days a computer what to do?
Source program (high level language)
Compiler
Object program (machine language)
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Software in Science Engineering

• Ready-made Analysis and simulation environments
• Custom-made programs codes
• You (or your team) write (program) them from
  scratch
• Legacy codes you have to understand and modify
  them

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Programming in the 90s

• Structured programming of the 70s
• Pascal C Fortran 77 Ada ...
• Object-oriented programming of the 80s
• Smalltalk C
• 90s
• Java Fortran 90/95

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A brief history of Fortran

• FORTRAN FORmula TRANlation
• John Backus 13 programmers at IBM for IBM 704
  1954-1957
• Other manufacturers developped FORTRAN for their
  machines
• Portability standards!
• Fortran 66 à Fortran 77 à Fortran 90 à Fortran 95
  à Fortran 2000

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So, why Fortran?

• Concise language
• Good compilers producing efficient machine code
• Legacy high-quality mathematical libraries
  (IMSL, NAG, ) available
• New version have features helpful for
  parallelization

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Software

• Operating system
• UNIX à Open Systems
• MS DOS à MS Windows 3.1 à MS Windows 95 à MS
  Windows NT
• Graphical User Interfaces
• MS Windows
• X Windows
• Utilities Editors, etc.
• Integrated Development Environments (IDE)

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Fortran 90Link to the Past

• Fortran 90/95 ? Fortran 77
• All Fortran 77 programs will work with Fortran 90
  compilers

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The F language

• F ? Fortran 90

F
Fortran 77
Fortran 90
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The F language

• Easy
• to learn
• to implement
• to understand
• Powerful enough for use in large programs

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program Radioactive_Decay !-----------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--- ! This program calculates the amount of a
radioactive substance that ! remains after a
specified time, given an initial amount and its
! half-life. Variables used are !
InitalAmount initial amount of substance
(mg) ! HalfLife half-life of substance
(days) ! Time time at which the
amount remaining is calculated (days) !
AmountRemaining amount of substance remaining
(mg) ! ! Input InitialAmount, HalfLife, Time !
Output AmountRemaining !------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--- implicit none real InitialAmount,
HalfLife, Time, AmountRemaining ! Get values
for InitialAmount, HalfLife, and Time. print
, "Enter initial amount (mg) of substance, its
half-life (days)" print , "and time (days) at
which to find amount remaining" read ,
InitialAmount, HalfLife, Time ! Compute the
amount remaining at the specified time.
AmountRemaining InitialAmount 0.5 (Time /
HalfLife) ! Display AmountRemaining. print
, "Amount remaining ", AmountRemaining,
"mg" end program Radioactive_Decay
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program Radioactive_Decay !-----------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--- ! This program calculates the amount of a
radioactive substance that ! remains after a
specified time, given an initial amount and its
! half-life. Variables used are !
InitalAmount initial amount of substance
(mg) ! HalfLife half-life of substance
(days) ! Time time at which the
amount remaining is calculated (days) !
AmountRemaining amount of substance remaining
(mg) ! ! Input InitialAmount, HalfLife, Time !
Output AmountRemaining !------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--- implicit none real InitialAmount,
HalfLife, Time, AmountRemaining ! Get values
for InitialAmount, HalfLife, and Time. print
, "Enter initial amount (mg) of substance, its
half-life (days)" print , "and time (days) at
which to find amount remaining" read ,
InitialAmount, HalfLife, Time ! Compute the
amount remaining at the specified time.
AmountRemaining InitialAmount 0.5 (Time /
HalfLife) ! Display AmountRemaining. print
, "Amount remaining ", AmountRemaining,
"mg" end program Radioactive_Decay
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program Radioactive_Decay !-----------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--- ! This program calculates the amount of a
radioactive substance that ! remains after a
specified time, given an initial amount and its
! half-life. Variables used are !
InitalAmount initial amount of substance
(mg) ! HalfLife half-life of substance
(days) ! Time time at which the
amount remaining is calculated (days) !
AmountRemaining amount of substance remaining
(mg) ! ! Input InitialAmount, HalfLife, Time !
Output AmountRemaining !------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--- implicit none real InitialAmount,
HalfLife, Time, AmountRemaining ! Get values
for InitialAmount, HalfLife, and Time. print
, "Enter initial amount (mg) of substance, its
half-life (days)" print , "and time (days) at
which to find amount remaining" read ,
InitialAmount, HalfLife, Time ! Compute the
amount remaining at the specified time.
AmountRemaining InitialAmount 0.5 (Time /
HalfLife) ! Display AmountRemaining. print
, "Amount remaining ", AmountRemaining,
"mg" end program Radioactive_Decay