Mechanism Design :

1
Mechanism Design ??????????????????

• ????? ??????????????
• pawin_at_econ.tu.ac.th

2
???????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ??? ANU
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????

3
?????????????????????????? ?? ?.?. 2550

• ???????????????
• Leonid Hurwicz ?????????????? University of
  Minnesota ???? 90 ??
• Roger Myerson ?????????????? University of
  Chicago ???? 56 ??
• Eric Maskin ?????????????? Institute for Advanced
  Study (??????? Princeton) ???? 56 ??

4
??????????? Hurwicz

• ???????????????????????????????
• ?????????? Moskow ??????????????????????????? ??
  ?.?. 2460 (?.?. 1917) ... ??????????????????????
  Balshevik
• ????????????????????????????????? 2 ??? (?.?.
  2462)
• ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???
  Warsaw University ???? ?.?. 2481 (?.?. 1938)
• ????????????????? Nicholas Kaldor ??? London
  School of Economics

5
??????????? Hurwicz (???)

• ??????????????????????? (Meteorology) ???
  University of Chicago
• ???? ?.?. 2488 (?.?. 1945) ???????????????????????
  ??????????????? American Economic Review
  ????????????????? Theory of Games and Economic
  Behavior ??? John von Neumann ??? Oskar
  Morgenstern
• ???????????? Hurwicz ?????????? ?????? ...
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????

6
??????????? Hurwicz (???)

• ??????????? Kenneth Arrow ??? Rand Corp.
• ?.?. 2493 (?.?. 1950, ???? 33) ???????????????????
  ??????????? ???????????????????? Decentralization

7
??????????? Hurwicz (???)

• ???? ?.?. 2503 (?.?. 1960, ???? 43) ???????????
  Mechanism Design ????????????????????????? ??????
  Optimality and Resource Efficiency in Resource
  Allocation Processes
• ???????????? Hurwicz ???????????????????? Message
  ????? Message Center ???????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????

8
??????????? Hurwicz (???)

• I have been interested in how one can
  construct efficient mechanisms that have the
  decentralization features similar to a market but
  that do not necessarily resemble a market. For
  this purpose, I formulated the notion of an
  informationally-decentralized economy in which
  perfect competition was just a very special case.
  
• ??????????????????????????????? Decentralization
  ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  Decentralization ??????????????

9
??????????? Hurwicz (???)

• ??????? Hurwicz ?????????????? Incentive issue
  ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  ????????????????? Message ????????????????????????
  ?????? Message Center ??????
• ??????????? Hurwicz ???? ?.?. 2515 (?.?. 1972,
  ???? 55) ??????? On Informationally Decentralized
  Systems ????????? Incentive Compatible Constraint
• ????????????????? Message ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  Message Center ????

10
??????????? Hurwicz (???)

• What I meant by this was a system of rules
  designed in such a way that people would have an
  incentive to obey these rules. If the system is
  incentive-compatible, you do not have to threaten
  criminal punishment to get compliance. But this
  does not necessarily mean just maximizing
  profits. So the question is, Could one design (a
  system) that would work as one would want it to
  work, even without coercion or compulsion?

11
??????????? Hurwicz (???)

• ??????? Hurwicz (??? Mechanism Designers) ???????
• ???????????????? (?????????????????????????)
• ????????????????????????? (???????????????????????
  ??)
• ?????????????????????????

12
Mechanism Design ??????????

• Mechanism ??????????????????? Message Center ???
  Hurwicz ???????????
• ??????????? ??????? ??????????????????????
  Message Center ??????????? Message
  ????????????????????????????? Message Center
• ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? Message ?????????
  Message ????????????????

13
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ???????? 1
• ?????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????
  ?????? ???????
• ???????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????

14
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ?????? Incentive Compatible
• ???????? ??????????????

15
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ???????? 2
• ?????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????
  ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????
  ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????

16
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????
• ???????? ???????????????????? ????????????

17
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ??????????? 1 ??? 2 ???????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????
  (?????????????????????????????????????????????
  Mechanism Design ??????? Contract Theory
  ????????????????????)
• ??? Mechanism Design ?????????????????????????????
  ???

18
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ???????? 3
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????

19
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????

20
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ??????????? ??????????????????????????????
• Message ??? ??????? ???? ???????
• ??????????????????????????? ???
  ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ?????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ???????

21
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ?? Mechanism ??????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????

22
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ??????????? ??????????????????????????????
• Message ??? ????????????
• ????????????? ??? ???????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????

23
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ?? Mechanism ??????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ???????????????? ?????????????????????? 2nd price
  auction

24
Mechanism Design ?????????????

• ??????????? ??????????????????????????????
• Message ??? ????????????
• ????????????? ??? ???????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????

25
???????? Roger Myerson

• ??????????????? ?????? Massachusetts ?.?. 2494
  (?.?. 1951)
• ??????????????? ?????????????????? ??? Harvard
  University
• ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ??? Northwestern
  University ??? University of Chicago

26
???????? Roger Myerson ???

• ???????????????? Mechanism ????????????
  ?????????????? Mechanism ?????????????????????????
  ? ????????????????????????? Mechanism
  ??????????????????????????????
• Revealation Principal ?????????????
  ??????????????? Direct Revealation Mechanism
  ????????

27
???????? Roger Myerson ???

• Myerson ??????????????????? Revealation Principal
  ???????????? Myerson ??????????????
  ??????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????? Mechanism
  Design ??????????? ????????????????

28
???????? Roger Myerson ???

• ???????????????????? ??? (????????)
  ????????????????????????? Mechanism Design
  ???????????????
• Optimal Auction Design ???????? Mathematics of
  Operations Research ??????? 6 ?? ?.?. 1981

29
?????????? Eric Maskin

• ??????????????? ??????? New York ???? ?.?. 2493
  (?.?. 1950)
• ?????????????? ??????????????????
  ?????????????????? ??? Harvard University
• ???????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????

30
?????????? Eric Maskin ???

• ????????????????????????
• ?????????????? ?????????!
• ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???
• Nash Equilibrium and Welfare Optimality
  ????????????????? ?.?. 1977 ?????????????????
  ?.?. 1999

31
?????????? Eric Maskin ???

• ???????????????????????????? Implementation
  Theory
• ????? ??? Nash Equilibrium ????????? Equilibrium
  ??????????
• Equilibrium ??????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ??????????????????

32
?????????? Eric Maskin ???

• Maskin ???????????????? Uniqueness ??????
  ???????????????????? Nash Equilibrium
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????? Maskin ???????????????? ????????
  ???????????????????? Mechanism ???????? Nash
  Equilibrium ??????????????????????????????

33
?????????? Eric Maskin ???

• ?????????????????
• Maskin Monotonicity
• No-Veto Power
• ??????????????????????????????? Nash Equilibrium
  ???????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????
  ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????
  Nash Equilibrium ??????????????

34
??????????????????? Mechanism Design

• ??????????? (Auction Theory)
• Public Choice
• ?????????????????
• Corporate Finance (?????????? Jean Tirole)
• ???

35
??????????
36
References

• Blog Marginal Revolution
• Mechanism Design for Grandma
• Leonid Hurwicz, Nobel Laureate
• Roger Myerson, Nobel Laureate
• Eric Maskin, Nobel Laureate
• E-Journal Economicprincipals.com
• The Road to a System that Works (Without Shooting
  People), October 21, 2007.

37
References (cont.)

• The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. (2007).
  Mechanism Design Theory.
• Varian, H. R. (2000). Economic Mechanism Design
  for Computerized Agents. Mimeo. UC Berkeley.
• MWG Chapter 23