BIOMASS ENERGY presented by NeoExcretory Genesis

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BIOMASS ENERGYpresented byNeo-Excretory
Genesis

• Million Negassi Allen Trac Gordon Lai
• Clement Law Paul Lin Weiming Li

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Topics

• Methane generation from cows
• Methane generation from Human
• Number of people needed to generate enough power
  for SLO
• Number of cows needed for methane generation
• Biomass related-diseases, odor and pollution
• Suggestions

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Overview of Biomass energy

• Biomass products have been used for thousands of
  years to
• cook food
• keep households warm
• Sources of biomass
• Animal waste
• Life stock-manure (Cows)
• Human-sludge
• organic component of municipal industrial wastes
• Wood and dry crop wastes are classified as
  biomass derived fuels
• Firewood is still the most common form of fuel

http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
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Overview of Biomass energy

• It accounts for 3 of energy production in the
  U.S.
• Biomass is still the largest form of energy
  available in the US
• It ranks second (to hydropower) in renewable
  energy

http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
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Effects of Biomass energy

• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions
• Generates carbon dioxide as fossil fuels do
• But CO2 is removed when a tree is grown
• The net CO2 emission will be zero if plants are
  grown for the purposes of biomass energy
• Planting a tree for each tree we cut is required

http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
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Biomass Energy Applications

• BiofuelsConverting biomass into liquid fuels for
  transportation
• BiopowerBurning biomass directly, or converting
  it into a gaseous fuel or oil, to generate
  electricity
• BioproductsConverting biomass into chemicals for
  making products that typically are made from
  petroleum

http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
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Biogas Production Tech
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Biogas (Digester gas)

• Mixture of gases

http//egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas
.shtml
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Typical Energy Production
http//egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas
.shtml
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Anaerobic Digesters

• Covered Lagoon Digester
• Manure storage lagoon with floating cover
• Liquid manure with lt 3 solid
• Complete Mix Digester
• Heated tank above or below ground
• Large manure volume with solid concentration 3
  10
• Plug-Flow Digester
• Digester with mixing pit for water
• Ruminant animal manure with solid concentration
  11 13

http//egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas
.shtml
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Mix Above Ground Digester
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Mix Above Ground Digester Tank

• Retention time of 20 days
• Size daily manure production X 20
• More efficient than plug-flow system
• Less effect from change in climate
• Stable production
• Less effective than covered lagoon system
• More expensive

http//www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Components
http//www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Components
http//www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Benefits

• Generate electricity
• Fuel for boiler, space heater, refrigeration
  equipment
• Directly combust as a cooking and lighting fuel
• Most equipment that use natural gas, propane, or
  butane fuels can be modified to operate on
  biogas.

http//www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Benefits

• Nearby green house could be heated with biogas
• Carbon dioxide from heater exhaust could enhance
  plant growth
• Recovered digested solids may be used for animal
  bedding
• Anaerobic digestion does not lower the total
  amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in
  the manure but does increase the amount of
  ammonia nitrogen
• The manure effluent will have a higher nutrient
  availability and plant uptake may be improved
  with digestion

http//www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Benefits

• After digestion, compounds, which usually produce
  odors, are greatly reduced
• Digester systems, properly designed and operated,
  significantly reduce the odors associated with
  manure storage and distribution.

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Energy Requirements forSLO County

• Number of Households 97,230
• Number of People 237,709

http//factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable
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Energy Requirements forSLO County

• Number of People per Household
• 12,133 kilowatt-hours of electricity each year

http//www.solarenergy.org/resources/energyfacts.h
tml
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Methane ProductionSystem Considerations

• Success Rates
• Covered Lagoons 78
• Plug Flow 37
• Mix Digesters 30
• Choose to use covered lagoons due to success rates

http//ari.calpoly.edu/images/4674020pub201.doc
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Covered Lagoon Power Plants

• How much energy can be produced from each plant?
• Well choose the one from Cal Poly
• It produces 170,000 kWh / Plantyear

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How many power plants do we need to power the
county?
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Is such a system feasible?

• How many cows are required?

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Is such a system feasible?

• We need 3,993,400 cows manure to supply enough
  methane to power the county.
• Does SLO county have that many cows?
• Number of Cows in California 1.3 Million
• Not even California has enough cows to supply
  enough manure for SLO county energy production
  through methane.
• I Guess not!

http//www.cacheeseandbutter.org/mar98nws.htm
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Human Excretory System Consideration
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How much sludge does a cow produce?

• 1000 lb cow produces 80 lbs of sludge/day

http//www.nmdairy.org/faq1.htm
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How much sludge do we produce?
http//science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/18may_wast
enot.htm
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Ratio of Cow Sludge to Human Sludge
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How much sludge do we need to produce?
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Is this Human System Feasible?

• The Human population in California is 33,871,648
• We need 54,294,400 humans to supply enough
  methane to SLO county

http//www.classbrain.com/artstate/publish/article
_1226.shtml
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Current developing system

• In Corby, UK, Engineers have started to develop
  the first human sludge power generating system.
• It is based on a sewage works in
  Northamptonshire.
• Every flush will count in the scheme to provide
  5,000 local homes and businesses
• Ideal for small communities

http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/933791.stm
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Current developing system

• Each unit has to be no bigger than two Dutch
  barns.
• Expected cost is about 10 Million, or 18
  Million
• It will be paid off within 10 years.

http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/933791.stm
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What can we do with the Sludge?
http//www.anglianwater.co.uk/index.php?sectionid
87contentid117
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Our Choice

• Use Sludge to Produce Energy
• Sustainable Energy makes sense for our future
• It will become cheaper as technology develops
• Conventional sources of energy will become more
  and more expensive
• millions efforts to save the earth

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How long will it take to pay off?

• Original Definitions
• P monthly payment
• A loan principal
• R APR (annual percentage rate) / 12
• Redefinitions
• P saved in energy per month
• A cost to set up and build the system
• R current prime rate / 12

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Actual Numbers (estimated)
Fibropower Limiteds project Eye Project costs
22 million System power capacity 12.7
Mega-watts

• R current prime rate / 12
• 6.0 / 12
• 0.005
• A cost of system
• 22 million
• 40.4 million

http//www.nfsn.com/library/prime.htm http//www.e
prl.co.uk/assets/eye/detail.html
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Continued

• P saved by the system per month
• (energy generated per month) x
  (conventional energy price)
• (operating costs maintenance costs)
• (9.278 M-kwh) x (0.12/kwh)
• (9.278 M-kwh) x (0.0675/kwh)
• 487,095 / month

http//www.eprl.co.uk/assets/eye/detail.html http
//www.nrbp.org/papers/004.pdf
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The Results!!

• 995.63 months 83 yrs
• A and R are directly proportional to of months
  to pay off
• P is inversely proportional to of months to pay
  off.
• Facts
• It is expensive at the moment A is large
• We use prime rate to estimate R will vary
• Conventional energy will approach shortage
• Technology will make the system more
  economically viable. ? P will Increase

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Disadvantages

• cost
• environmental impact
• odor and disease

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Cost

• On average, more expensive than conventional
  source of energy

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Environmental Impacts

• NOT emissions-free. They are known to emit
  nitrogen and sulfur oxides, particulate matter,
  carbon monoxide and ammonia
• only marginally effective at reducing problems
  with odors, pathogens and greenhouse gas
  emissions
• pose dangers to surrounding residents--leaking,
  emitting dangerous gases, and threatening to
  overflow.

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Continued

• DOES NOT reduce quantity of manure
• Heavy metal and toxic materials could not degrade
  by digester
• Manure used as fertilizer would bring these
  danger materials to consumers
• Land use

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Risk Control

• promoting proper pollutant source control and
  disposal of household and business hazardous
  wastes
• assessing treated sewage sludge quality, assuring
  appropriate land types and use for application
  while verifying compatibility with surrounding
  areas
• determining appropriate soil, landscape, and crop
  or vegetative conditions for biosolids use or
  restriction

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continued

• monitoring and overseeing transport, storage,
  application and land use during and after
  application.
• limiting harvest or grazing until appropriate
  time periods have elapsed.

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Odor Control

• Siting1 mile minimum downwind from neighbors,
  land base adequate for manure disposal, good soil
  drainage, and visibility.
• Frequent flushing or scraping.
• Solid separation keep solid stockpiles dry and
  preferably covered or compost them.

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continued

• Lagoon typeaerobic lagoons produce less odor
  than anaerobic lagoons.
• Lagoon covers.
• Windbreaks to reduce airflow across lagoons.
• Proper maintenance of the facility inside and
  out.
• Applying manure when the wind is calm and
  incorporating the manure as soon as possible.

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Conclusion
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Possible solutions (Nuclear Energy)

• Uranium
• Uranium can be extracted from seawater or earths
  crust
• It can be extracted from seawater at less than
  1000 per pound
• Considers 200-400 per pound the best estimate.
• In terms of fuel cost per million BTU, he gives
  (uranium at 400 per pound 1.1 cents , coal
  1.25, OPEC oil 5.70, natural gas 3-4.)

• http//www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.
  htm

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Nuclear Energy

• Deposition and energy yield
• Rivers bring more uranium that is 3.2x104
  tons/yr
• we can extract 16,000 tons/yr of uranium from
  seawater
• It would supply 25 times the world's present
  electricity usage
• http//www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.
  html

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Nuclear Energy

• Availability
• Seawater contains 3.3x10(-9) (3.3 parts per
  billion) of uranium
• So the 1.4x1018 tons of seawater contains
  4.6x109 tons of uranium
• All the world's electricity usage, 650GWe could
  therefore be supplied by the uranium in seawater
  for 7 million years

http//www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.
html
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Nuclear Energy

• It can yield twice the world's present total
  energy
• The supply would last for 5 billion years with a
  withdrawal rate of 6,500 tons/yr
• The crust contains 6.5x1013 tons of uranium.

http//www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.
html
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Solar Power

• Powering with solar energy tower

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• End