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Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

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Gradual psychological and emotional changes in body's capabilities ... to depression, anxiety, crying spells, lack of concentration, and irritability ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood


1
Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
  • Chapter 15
  • Robert S. Feldman

2
Age Changes
  • What stays the same as we age?
  • What changes with age?

512
3
Changes with age Aging
  • Layers of Aging
  • Socioeconomic
  • Cognitive
  • Spiritual
  • Biological functions

4
How is aging like or NOT like other social
categories?
  • What are the isms?
  • Does ageism exist?

5
Physical Transitions in Middle Adulthood
  • Gradual psychological and emotional changes in
    bodys capabilities
  • Depends in part on self-concept and lifestyle

512
6
Height, Weight, and Strength Benchmarks of Change
  • After age 55, bones become less dense
  • Ultimately women lose 2 inches and men lose 1
    inch in height
  • Women are more prone to declining height due to
    __________________
  • Both men and women continue to gain weight in
    middle adulthood

513
7
There was an old lady.
  • Society applies a double standard to men and
    women in terms of appearance
  • Older _____________ tend to be viewed in
    unflattering terms
  • Aging __________ more frequently perceived as
    displaying a maturity that enhances status

513
8
Sights and Sounds of Middle Age
  • Starting at age 40, visual acuity declines
  • Changing eye's lenses in shape and elasticity
    results in loss of near vision, called
    ______________
  • Declining depth perception and night vision
  • GLAUCOMA

314
9
Do you hear what I hear?
  • ___________________
  • About 12 percent of people between 45 and 65
    suffer from this
  • Men more prone to hearing loss
  • Sound localization is diminished

514
10
Reaction time Not-so-slowing Down
  • Decreases slightly in middle adulthood
  • Improves or compensated for by being more careful
    and practicing the skill
  • Exercise can slow this loss

515
11
Use It or Lose It
516
12
Sexuality During Middle Age
  • Frequency of sexual intercourse decreases with
    age
  • Sexual activities remain a vital part of most
    middle-aged adults lives
  • Adults have more freedom
  • Women no longer need to practice birth control

516
13
Sexual Intercourse
  • Men typically need more time to get an erection
  • Volume of fluid in ejaculation declines
  • Production of testosterone also declines
  • In women, walls of the vagina become less elastic
    and thinner
  • Vagina shrinks, potentially making intercourse
    painful

516
14
Female Climacteric
  • Starting about age 45, transition from being able
    to bear children to being unable to do so
  • Lasting about 15 to 20 years
  • MENOPAUSE

517
15
Menopause
  • Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)
  • Women's expectations about menopause relate to
    their experience of menopause
  • Variations by race and culture

516
16
From Research to Practice
  • The Dilemma of Hormone Therapy
  • Estrogen and progesterone administered to
    alleviate menopausal symptoms
  • CON
  • Increases risk of breast cancer and blood clots
  • Higher risk for pulmonary embolism and heart
    disease
  • PRO
  • Changes ratio of good cholesterol to bad
    cholesterol
  • Decreases thinning of bones
  • Associated with reduced risks of stroke and colon
    cancer
  • Cognitive advantages
  • Enhances sex drive

519
17
The Psychological Consequences of Menopause
  • Early research
  • Menopause was linked directly to depression,
    anxiety, crying spells, lack of concentration,
    and irritability
  • Current research
  • Normal part of aging that does not, by itself,
    produce psychological symptoms
  • Effects influenced by personal and cultural
    expectations of menopause

518
18
Male Climacteric
  • Male changes during middle age
  • Period of physical and psychological change
    relating to male reproductive system that occurs
    during late middle age.
  • Enlargement of the prostate gland
  • Problems with urination, including difficulty
    starting to urinate and frequent need to urinate
    during night
  • Men still produce sperm and can father children
    through middle age

518
19
Health and Wellness
  • American College of Sports Medicine and the
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity
    physical activity daily
  • Reduces risk of heart disease, osteoporosis,
    weight gain, and hypertension
  • Provides psychological benefits of sense of
    control and well-being

520
20
Did you know?
  • Vast majority of people in middle age
  • Face ___ chronic health difficulties
  • Fewer accidents and infections

21
Chronic Diseases in Middle Adulthood
  • Arthritis typically begins after age ___
  • Diabetes is most likely to occur in people
    between the ages of ___ and ___
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure) is one of the
    most frequent chronic disorders found in middle
    age

521
22
Developmental Diversity Individual Variation in
Health
  • Ethnic differences
  • African Americans death rate is twice rate for
    Caucasians
  • Lower familys income?higher likelihood of
    disabling illness, more dangerous occupations,
    inferior health coverage

523
23
Gender Differences
  • During middle age, women experience more non-life
    threatening illnesses than men but men experience
    more serious illnesses
  • Women smoke less drink less alcohol have less
    dangerous jobs
  • Medical research has typically studied diseases
    of men with all male samples the medical
    community is only now beginning to study women's
    health issues

523
24
What are the consequences of stress in middle
adulthood?
524
25
Stress in Middle Adulthood
  • Stress continues to have a significant impact on
    health in middle age
  • According to psychoneuroimmunologists, who study
    the relationship between the brain, the immune
    system, and psychological factors, stress
    produces three main consequences
  • Leads to unhealthy behaviors

524
26
Coronary Heart Disease
  • More men die in middle age of diseases of the
    heart and circulatory system than any other
    cause.
  • Both genetic and experiential characteristics are
    involved
  • Heart disease runs in families
  • Men are more likely to suffer than women, and
    risks increase with age

525
27
TYPE A BEHAVIOR PATTERN
  • Characterized by
  • _______________
  • __________________
  • _________________
  • _________________
  • Evidence is only correlational so cannot say Type
    A behavior causes heart disease

526
28
TYPE B BEHAVIOR PATTERN
  • Characterized by
  • _________________
  • _________________
  • _________________
  • Evidence that Type B people have less than half
    the risk of coronary disease that Type A people
    have

526
29
The Threat of Cancer
  • Cancer is associated with genetic and
    environmental risks
  • Poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol use, exposure to
    sunlight, exposure to radiation, and particular
    occupational hazards
  • __________________________is related to higher
    survival rate

527
30
Cancer Treatment
  • Takes a variety of forms
  • Radiation therapy involves the use of radiation
    to destroy a tumor
  • Chemotherapy involves the controlled ingestion of
    toxic substances meant to poison the tumor
  • Surgery may be used to remove the tumor
  • Early diagnosis is crucial

527
31
Breast Cancer
  • Mammography, a weak X-ray, is used to detect
    breast cancer
  • Death rate lower for those who had a "fighting
    spirit" or those who denied they had the disease
  • A positive psychological outlook may boost the
    body's immune system

527
32
Psychological Factors Relating to Cancer Mind
Over Tumor?
  • Power of a fighting spirit

528
33
Cognitive Development
  • Cross-sectional studies clearly showed that older
    subjects scored less well than younger subjects
    on traditional IQ tests
  • Intelligence peaks at 18, stays steady until
    mid-20s, and declines till end of life
  • Longitudinal studies, revealed different
    developmental patterns in intelligence
  • Stable and even increasing IQ scores until
    mid-30s and some to mid-50s, then declined

530
34
Difficulties in Answering the Question
  • Older research
  • Cross sectional studies
  • Cohort effect
  • Newer research
  • Longitudinal studies
  • Practice effect and participant attrition

531
35
Testing Effects
  • Practice effect
  • Attrition
  • Physical performance portion
  • Timed
  • Reaction time slows with age
  • Results may be due to physical changes not
    cognitive changes

531
36
Kinds of Intelligence
  • ______ INTELLIGENCE is the ability to deal with
    new problems and situations
  • ________ INTELLIGENCE is the store of
    information, skills, and strategies that people
    have acquired through education and prior
    experiences, and through their previous use of
    fluid intelligence

532
37
Continuing Competence versus Growing Decline
  • Salthouse suggests four reasons why this
    discrepancy exists
  • Typical measures of cognitive skills tap a
    different type of cognition than what is required
    to be successful in particular occupations
  • Measures of practical intelligence rather than
    traditional IQ tests to assess intelligence may
    yield little discrepancy
  • People can be quite successful professionally and
    still be on the decline in certain kinds of
    cognitive abilities
  • Older people may be successful because they have
    developed specific kinds of expertise and
    particular competencies

533
38
Highly Successful Middle Age People
  • Older, successful people may have developed
    expertise in their particular occupational area.

534
39
The Development of Expertise Separating Experts
from Novices
  • EXPERTISE, the acquisition of skill or knowledge
    in a particular area, develops as people devote
    attention and practice
  • Expert rely on experience and intuition,
    process information automatically, use different
    neural pathways to solve problems
  • Novice strictly follow formal rules and
    procedures, use better strategies and better
    problem-solving

534
40
Memory You Must Remember This
  • According to research on memory changes in
    adulthood
  • Most people show only minimal losses
  • Many exhibit no memory loss in middle adulthood
  • Memory is viewed in terms of three sequential
    components
  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory holds information for 15 to 25
    seconds
  • Long-term memory

535
41
Schemas in Middle Adulthood
  • Help people represent the way the world is
    organized
  • Aid in categorization and interpretation of new
    information
  • Convey cultural information

536
42
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Development
  • Effective Strategies for Remembering
  • Mnemonics
  • Get organized
  • Pay attention
  • Use encoding specificity phenomenon
  • Visualize
  • Rehearse

536
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