SI prefixes that help us out

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SI prefixes that help us out
Thought for the Day
"Pollution is nothing but the resources we are
not harvesting. We allow them to disperse because
we've been ignorant of their value." -Richard
Buckminster Fuller-

• King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate Milk
• Kilo Hecta Deca Base Deci Centi Milli
• 103 102 101 10-1 10-2
  10-3
• Handy units that will come up in the course
• Micro µ 10-6 nano 10-9 Pico 10-12
• Giga 109 Mega 106

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Quiz 2

• Please express the following in the base unit
  using both scientific notation and ordinal
  numbers

• 750 nm the wavelength of red light
• 10 µm the length of a bacterel cell
• 5000 mg the amount of salt in a teaspoon
• 25.4 cm the equivalent of 1ft
• 70 kg the average human

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Chapter One
The Air We Breathe
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Classifying Matter
All Matter
NO
Can it be separated by a physical process?
YES
Pure Substances
Mixtures
NO
YES
YES
NO
Can it be broken down into simpler ones by
chemical means?
Homogeneous at the macroscopic level
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Elements
Compounds
Solutions
1.6
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Atoms and molecules

• Atom The smallest unit of an element that can
  exist and have the character of that element
• Molecule the smallest unit of a compound that
  shows the characteristics of that compound
• Atoms and molecules are incredibly small. One
  breath contains 2 X 1022

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Explore an element online over the weekend

• Pick an element
• find an online interactive periodic table
• find out about the element
• Write a short summary on the element
• Include the web addresses for the element

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Some substances

• Element Compound or mixture
• Water
• Nickel
• diamond
• sulfur dioxide
• Lemonade

• compound
• Element
• Element
• compound
• Mixture

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How to make 100 L of Air

• 78 L of Nitrogen
• 21 liters of Oxygen
• 0.9 L of Argon
• 375 ml of CO2
• 625 ml of other stuff

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What else is there

• Small amounts of
• CO
• SOX
• NOX
• O3
• Volatile organic chemicals (many of our favorite
  and un-favorite smells)

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CO
NO2
SO2
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EPAs Air Quality Guidelines

• Carbon Monoxide
• Ozone
• SOx
• NOx
• PM10
• PM2.5

• 9 PPM/hour
• 60-84 PPB/8 hr
• 30 PPM /8hr
• 53 PPB/8 hr
• 150 ug/m3 Per 24 hr
• 15 ug/m3 Per 24 hr

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Concentration Terms
Parts per hundred (percent) Parts per million
(ppm) Parts per billion (ppb)
Atmosphere is 21 oxygen 21 oxygen molecules
per 100 molecules of air
Midday ozone levels reach about 0.4 ppm 0.4
ozone molecules 1 x 106 molecules
of air
How many ozone molecules are found in a single
breath
30 sulfur dioxide molecules 1 x 109 molecules
of air
Sulfur dioxide in the air should not exceed 30
ppb
What is the maximum number of SO2 molecules
allowed in a breath?
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Concentration Terms
How many ozone molecules are found in a single
breath
0.4 ozone molecules 1 x 106 molecules of air
1.8 x 1022 molecules breath
X
What is the maximum number of sulfur dioxide
molecules allowed in a breath?
30 sulfur dioxide molecules 1 x 109 molecules
of air
1.8 x 1022 molecules breath
X
1.2
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EPAs Air Quality Index
1.3
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What do they do

• Small amounts of
• CO Interferes with oxygen transport
• SOX Causes irritation of the respiratory track
  leading to pulmonary failure
• NOX Causes irritation of the respiratory track
  leading to pulmonary failure
• O3 Causes irritation of the respiratory track
  leading to pulmonary failure
• Volatile organic chemicals too varied to relate
  here
• PM 2.5 Causes heart disease and pulmonary failure

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Table 1.4 Air Quality Index values for Houston
1.3
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Air Pollutants Risk Assessment
Toxicity intrinsic health hazard of a substance
Exposure the amount of the substance encountered
1.4
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Characteristics of Risk Perception
Acceptable Unacceptable
Exposure voluntary involuntary Effect immed
iate delayed Alternatives none many Knowledge
of consequence known unknown Occupational
encountered yes no Image of hazard common drea
d Severity of consequence reversible
irreversible Controllable yes no
1.4
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Quantifying Risk

• Desirability Quotient DQ
• DQ (Benefits/Risks)
• Large Benefits/Small RisksLarge DQ
• Small Benefits/Large Risks Small DQ
• Small Benefits/ Small Risks ?
• Large Benefits/Large Risks ?

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Calculation of Risk
Benefits, Perceived Benefits
Desirability Quotient
Risks, Perceived risks Cost
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Calculation of Risk
Benefits Me
Desirability Quotient
Risk born by You
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Some common increases in risks

• Driving
• Smoking Guys (lung cancer 89 Cancer 37)Gals
  (Lung cancer 78, Cancer 22.5)
• Passive Smoke inhalation 15
• Flying
• Driving
• living 10 miles from Coal Fired Power Plants
• Riding a motorcycle
• Living in New York City

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Chemical formulas and Names

• When we say Carbon dioxide what do we mean
• How do we know how to name a compound
• What does a formula reveal about a compound.

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• When we say Carbon dioxide what do we mean

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• how do we name compounds
• MgS, N0, NaCl,

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• Formulas tell us the elements that make up the
  compound and the atom ratios
• MgS, N0, NaCl, H2O, Al2O3

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• some elements can make several compounds with
  multiple ratios
• N2O4, N2O, NO2 O2 O3 SO2 SO3

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Through Section 1.8

• should be able to do
• Problems 13-18
• Please read through section 1.9-1.11 by the next
  class
• If are interested in doing a paper/project please
  stay to make up groups

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Projects

• Pick a subject that interest you and the group
• Individuals will write papers that deal with a
  sub set of the group topic.
• Look at your home newspaper to look for topics of
  environmental interest.
• Clean air act, Clean water act violations good
  places to start.

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Concentration Terms
Parts per hundred (percent) Parts per million
(ppm) Parts per billion (ppb)
Atmosphere is 21 oxygen 21 oxygen molecules
per 100 molecules of air
Midday ozone levels reach about 0.4 ppm 0.4
ozone molecules 1 x 106 molecules
of air
Sulfur dioxide in the air should not exceed 30
ppb 30 sulfur dioxide molecules 1
x 109 molecules of air
1.2
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21 means 21 parts per hundred means 210 parts
per thousand means 2,100 parts per ten
thousand means 21,000 parts per hundred
thousand means 210,000 parts per million
The difference between pph and ppm is a factor of
10,000
Try Chapter 1 Figures Alive! for practice
1.2
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Calculation of Risk
Benefits, Perceived Benefits
Desirability Quotient
Risks, Perceived risks Cost
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Calculation of Risk
Benefits Me
Desirability Quotient
Risk born by You
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Reintroduction to the Periodic Table

• Old info
• orderly presentation of the elements
• element number represents the number of protons
• New info
• elements grouped according to chemical behavior
• metals to the left non metals to the right

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Non Metels
Meteloids
Metels
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Chemical formulas and Names

• When we say Carbon dioxide what do we mean
• How do we know how to name a compound
• What does a formula reveal about a compound.

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• When we say Carbon dioxide what do we mean

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• how do we name compounds
• MgS, N0, NaCl,

• First element maintains it name second changes to
  ide ending

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• Formulas tell us the elements that make up the
  compound and the atom ratios
• MgS, N0, NaCl, H2O, Al2O3

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• some elements can make several compounds with
  multiple ratios
• N2O4, N2O, NO2 O2 O3 SO2 SO3

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Highlights from Naming

• Naming
• most metallic listed first
• least metallic listed second
• ide suffix/ending given to least metallic
• Mono Di Tri Tetra prefixes used to state number
  of atoms
• Formulas
• symbols indicate Elements
• subscripts indicate numbers

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Where do pollutants come from?

• Combustion
• Rapid combination of oxygen with another
  material.
• Combustion is a chemical reaction

Reactants ? Products

• Carbon Oxygen ? Carbon Monoxide

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Chemical reactions are characterized by the
rearrangement of atoms when reactants are
transformed into products
This is an example of a combustion reaction
C O2 CO
reactants product
But the number of atoms on each side of the arrow
must be equal (Law of Conservation of Mass)
2 C O2 2 CO (balanced)
2 carbon atoms two carbon atoms 2 oxygen
atoms two oxygen atoms
1.9
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• Balancing equations
• if an element is present in just one compound on
  each side, balance it first
• balance anything that exists as a free element
  last
• balance polyatomic ions as a unit
• check when done same number of atoms, and same
  total charge on both sides

C3H8 O2 CO2 H2O
C3H8 5 O2 3 CO2 4 H2O
3 C atoms 8 H atoms 10 O atoms
3 C atoms 8 H atoms 10 O atoms
1.9
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Some equations to balance

• CH4 O2? CO H2O
• CH4 O2 ? CO2 H2O
• C H2O ? CH3OH CO
• C H2O ? CO H2 Syn Gas/Water gas

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Direct Source of Sulfur Trioxide
Coal O2 SO2 (1-3 sulfur)
2 SO2
O2 2 SO3
Good News Since 1985 we have seen a 25
reduction in SO2 emissions in the U.S.
1.11
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Direct Source of Nitrogen Oxides
High temperatures from auto engine or coal-fired
power plant
N2 O2 high temp 2
NO (nitrogen oxide)
NO is very reactive 2 NO O2
2 NO2
Simplified version of chemistry that occurs
1.11
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Through Section 1.8

• should be able to do
• Problems 13-18
• Please read through section 1.9-1.11 by the next
  class
• If are interested in doing a paper/project please
  stay to make up groups

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Through Section 1.11

• Problems 19-25
• Start looking through the concepts problems 26-42
  
• Explore 43-50
• We should finish the chapter next period please
  read the rest of the chapter

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Projects

• Pick a subject that interest you and the group
• Individuals will write papers that deal with a
  sub set of the group topic.
• Look at your home newspaper to look for topics of
  environmental interest.
• Clean air act, Clean water act violations good
  places to start.