Ultra High Performing HVAC OptimumLOOP

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Ultra-efficient Chilled Water Plants for Shopping
Centers The International Council of Shopping
Centers Ben Erpelding, P.E.May 19, 2009
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Chiller Plant miles per gallon
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Chiller Plant miles per gallon
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Package Unit 1.1 kW/ton (new) to 2.0 kW/ton (at
15 years) (2.6 kW/ton at 20 years)
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Las Vegas Load Profile
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Comfort Cooling Load Profiles
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Shopping Mall Design Rules

• All chilled water valves must be two-way and
  fully modulating (0-100).
• Network chilled water valves to central plant
  control system.
• Install variable frequency drives on all central
  plant chillers, towers and CHW CDW pumps.
• Outside air lockout of chilled water plant (62 to
  64 deg F).  
• All variable speed controls optimization
  sequences.
• Sub metering and monitoring performance.

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All Variable Speed Chiller Plants
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Large Mall Central Plant (So. Ca)

• 4,500,000 ton-hrs per year
• Total central plant energy usage 5,660,000
  kWh/yr
• Water usage 11,000,000 gal/yr
• This equates to is a 1.23 kW/ton average central
  plant efficiency and 2.4 gal per ton-hr water
  usage. 
• Post retrofit 0.53 kW/ton and 2.0 gal per
  ton-hr
• 450,000/yr savings
• 1.4 year payback (74 IRR)

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Mall Central Plant (Midwest)

• 607,000 kWh per yr savings
• 273,000 gal per yr
• 60,300/yr
• 208,000 implementation cost 
• 30,000 utility incentive
• 2.7 yr simple payback
• 33 IRR
• 327,000 NPV

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Mall Central Plant (New York)

• 793,000 kWh per yr savings
• 276,000 gal per yr
• 149,000/yr
• 475,000 implementation cost 
• 135,000 utility incentive
• 2.2 yr simple payback
• 45 IRR
• 681,000 NPV

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Mall Central Plant (Florida)

• 966,000 kWh per yr savings
• 556,000 gal per yr
• 123,900/yr
• 493,000 implementation cost 
• 0 utility incentive
• 4.0 yr simple payback
• 23 IRR
• 342,000 NPV

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Central Plant Utility Bills
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Before and After Total Plant Energy Usage (kW)
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DDC Performance Commissioning
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Water Usage in Cooling Towers
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• Additional questions and comments
• Utility incentives
• Comfort and reliability
• Demand Response
• LEED Buildings
• Maintaining energy savings over time
• ContactBen Erpelding, P.E., C.E.M.
• 619-417-9984
• ben.erpelding_at_optimumenergyco.com
• www.optimumenergyHVAC.com