Five More Steps to Research Paper Success:

1
Five More Steps to Research Paper Success

• Documentation, Style, and Full-text Citation

2
The Research Process in Five More Steps

• Lead into, contextualize, and elaborate on
  quotes.
• Cite paraphrases.
• Document sources using appropriate style.
• Create a works cited list.
• Include title page, abstract, appendix,
  footnotes, or endnotes if appropriate.

3
Leading Into Quotes

• Lead into quotes to . . .
• Avoid plagiarism.
• Transition.
• Include source information in-text rather than in
  parenthetical citation.
• Worse Richard Worsnop states that many in law
  enforcement believe capital punishment is the
  least cost-effective way of reducing violent
  crime (Will Support for Executions Continue to
  Grow? 349).
• Better In Will Support for Executions Continue
  to Grow?, Richard Worsnop states that many in
  law enforcement believe capital punishment is
  the least cost-effective way of reducing
  violent crime (349).

4
Leading Into Quotes (Continued)

• Stock lead-in phrases
• According to . . .
• In Title of Book, Jane Doe states . . .
• As John Smith argues in Title of Article, . . .

5
Contextualizing Quotes

• Contextualize quotes . . .
• By providing enough information from them.
• By recording that information in complete
  sentences.
• Worse According to Richard Worsnop in Will
  Support for Executions Continue to Grow?, A
  Gallup Poll taken in September 1994 reported
  that 80 percent of the respondents (357).
• Better In Will Support for Executions Continue
  to Grow?, Richard Worsnop states, A Gallup
  Poll taken in September 1994 reported that 80
  percent of the respondents favored the death
  sentence for persons convicted of murder (357).

6
Contextualizing Quotes (Continued)

• Contextualize quotes . . .
• By connecting them to the sentences that come
  before and after.
• Better In the United States, most of the
  population believes the death penalty is an
  effective means for deterring capital crimes.
  Accounting for this majority opinion in Will
  Support for Executions Continue to Grow?,
  Richard Worsnop cites a Gallup Poll taken in
  September 1994 which reported that 80 percent
  of the respondents polled from across the
  country favored the death sentence for persons
  convicted of murder (357).

7
Elaborating on Quotes

• Elaborate on quotes to . . .
• Clarify a point
• Explain an idea or concept
• Illustrate
• Show cause and effect
• Reinforce
• Compare
• Contradict
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

8
Elaborating on Quotes (Continued)

• Stock words and phrases to . . .
• Clarify
• In other words
• More specifically
• That is or that is to say
• Illustrate
• For example
• For instance
• Such as

9
Elaborating on Quotes (Continued)

• Stock words and phrases to . . .
• Show cause and effect
• Therefore
• Thus
• So
• As a result
• Reinforce
• As we have seen
• Moreover
• Furthermore

10
Elaborating on Quotes (Continued)

• Stock words and phrases to . . .
• Compare
• Likewise
• Similarly
• In the same way
• Contradict
• Although or though
• However
• But
• Despite or in spite of
• In contrast

11
Elaborating on Quotes (Continued)

• Which of the five (to clarify, explain,
  illustrate, reinforce, or contradict) is being
  done in the bolded elaboration?
• . . . George LaBaron, who researched cloning . .
  ., discovered a wide divergence in the origins
  of his sources . . . . La Barons
  investigations showed that a Christianity site
  is sponsored by . . . a group devoted to the
  fight against cloning. The New Scientist site,
  however, is devoted to medical advances,
  including stem cell research. LaBaron found
  that Reason.com is a Libertarian site with this
  description Reason provides a refreshing
  alternative to right-wing and left-wing opinion
  magazines . . . . Despite this disclaimer,
  LaBaron found Reason.com more liberal than middle
  of the road.
• Source Lester, James D. Composing from Sources.
  New York Pearson, 2004. 314.

12
Citing Paraphrases

• Always acknowledge the sources you draw your
  ideas from, even if the words you use are not
  exactly the same.
• Source Reflecting the new optimism, the
  Fannie Mae Foundation recently pledged 35
  million in financing and challenge grants
  toward construction of new, subsidized housing.
• Paraphrase According to William Triplett in
  Ending Homelessness, 35 million in
  government subsidies to the housing market is a
  direct result of American hopes to eradicate
  homelessness (541).
• Source Triplett, William. Ending
  Homelessness. CQ Researcher 14. June 18, 2004.
  541-564.

13
Citing Paraphrases (Continued)

• Many students believe that they do not need to
  acknowledge sources when they have only
  paraphrased and not quoted material.
• However, using the ideas of others in any form
  without citation constitutes plagiarism.

14
Citing Paraphrases (Continued)

• Paraphrase and cite part or all of the following
• Loss of privately owned, low-income shelter
  compounded the problem of homelessness. Rooming
  houses, once a common residential option in big
  cities, became an endangered housing species.
  Many of the structures, especially those in
  gentrified neighborhoods, were returned to
  single-family use and sold at handsome profits
  (543).
• Source Triplett, William. Ending
  Homelessness. CQ Researcher 14. June 18, 2004.
  541-564.

15
Style

• When citing sources within your paper, do so
  according to the guidelines of an appropriate
  style.
• Students writing within different disciplines are
  often required to use certain citation styles.
  The following are the most common
• 1) Humanities Modern Language Association (MLA)
  and Chicago
• styles
• 2) Social and natural sciences American
  Psychological
• Association (APA) style
• 3) Other sciences Scientific Style and Format
  (CBE)

16
Style (Continued)

• Regardless of the style you use, always look for
  key information.
• In in-text citations, you will almost always need
  . . .
• Name of author
• Title of work
• Page number

17
Style (Continued)

• MLA and APA are by far the two most common
  styles.
• Compare the basic information required for each
  style
• MLA APA
• 1) Author Author (Last name only)
• 2) Title of work Title of work
• 3) Page number Page number
• 4) --- Page abbreviation (p.)
• 5) --- Date of publication

18
Style (Continued)

• Compare the following passages formatted
  according to MLA and APA styles
• MLA In A Tale of Two Divorces, Anne Roiphe
  argues that divorce is the terrible knife
  that rends families asunder (189).
• APA In A Tale of Two Divorces, Roiphe (1995)
  argued that divorce is the terrible knife that
  rends families asunder (p.189).
• Note that basic information like the authors
  name, the title, and the page number are present
  in both passages while a date and page
  abbreviation are included only in the one using
  APA.
• Source Roiphe, Anne. A Tale of Two
  Divorces. The Riverside Reader. 8th ed. Eds.
  Joseph Trimmer and Maxine Hairston. Boston
  Houghton-Mifflin, 2005. 185-195.

19
Style (Continued)

• Rewrite the following quote twice using both MLA
  and APA styles. Remember to . . .
• 1) Lead into the quote.
• 2) Provide the appropriate source information
  in-text.
• 3) Provide any additional source information
  that is
• relevant in parentheses.
• Cities began to rely more on law enforcement
  to deal with
• homelessness, such as anti-panhandling
  ordinances (545).
• Source Triplett, William. Ending
  Homelessness. CQ Researcher 14. June 18, 2004.
  541-564.

20
Style (Continued)

• Once you have included all the necessary
  information in your initial acknowledgement to a
  source, you only need to use the authors last
  name or a personal pronoun, as well as a page
  number (if available), to refer to that source
  thereafter. Consider the following passage
  formatted according to MLA
• In A Tale of Two Divorces, Anne Roiphe states
  that divorce is the terrible knife that rends
  families asunder (189). Despite this assertion,
  she goes on to say that we will always need it
  as an emergency escape hatch (193).
• Source Roiphe, Anne. A Tale of Two
  Divorces. The Riverside Reader. 8th ed.
  Eds. Joseph Trimmer and Maxine Hairston. Boston
  Houghton-Mifflin, 2005. 185-195.

21
Works Cited Lists

• In works cited (MLA) or reference (APA) lists,
  always record the following information if it is
  available, regardless of the style you use
• Name of the author
• Title of the work
• Publishing information
• Date the work was published

22
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• Compare the following entries using the MLA and
  APA styles
• MLA Borthwick, Mark. Pacific Entry. 2nd ed.
  Boulder, CO
• Westview Press, 1998.
• APA Borthwick, M. (1998). Pacific Entry (2nd
  ed.). Boulder,
• CO Westview Press.
• Note that both entries contain the same
  information but are formatted differently.

23
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• Entries for books always include the following
  information if it is available
• Author (Last name first)
• Title of work (Underlined or italicized)
• Publication data (Place, publisher, and year)
• Source Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford
  Researcher. Boston Bedford/St.
  Martins, 2003.

24
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• Compare the following entries for the same book
  in MLA and APA formats
• MLA Nossiff, Rosemary. Before Roe Abortion
  Policy in the States. Philadelphia Temple
  UP, 2001.
• APA Nossiff, R. (2001). Before Roe Abortion
  Policy in the States. Philadelphia
  Temple UP.

25
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• Entries for newspapers or periodicals (magazines
  and journals) always include the following
  information if it is available
• Author (Last name first)
• Title of article
• Title of newspaper or periodical (Underlined or
  italicized)
• Publication data (Date and volume, issue, and
  page numbers)
• Source Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford
  Researcher. Boston
  Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

26
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• Compare the following entries for the same
  journal article in MLA and APA formats
• MLA Plantinga, Carl. Spectacles of Death
  Clint Eastwood and Violence in Unforgiven.
  Cinema Journal 37.2 (1998) 65-83.
• APA Plantinga, C. (1998). Spectacles of death
  Clint Eastwood and violence in Unforgiven.
  Cinema Journal, 37(2), 65-83.
• Source Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford
  Researcher. Boston Bedford/St. Martins,
  2003.

27
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• Entries for online articles always include the
  following information if it is available
• Author (Last name first)
• Title
• Publication data (Date and volume, issue, and
  page numbers)
• Retrieval date
• Online location (URL, database, or information
  service)
• Source Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford
  Researcher. Boston
  Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

28
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• Compare the following entries for the same online
  article in MLA and APA formats
• MLA Slatin, John. La Zambinella Meets the
  Cyborg Barthes, S/Z, and Print-Based Literary
  Studies. CWRL The Electronic Journal of
  Computers, Writing, Rhetoric, and Literature 3
  (1997). 12 Nov. 1999 /cwrl/v3n1/zaminella/
• index.html.
• APA Slatin, J. (1997). La Zambinella meets the
  cyborg Barthes, S/Z, and print-based literary
  studies. Electronic version. CWRL The
  Electronic Journal of Computers, Writing,
  Rhetoric, and Literature, 3. Retrieved Nov. 12,
  1999, from v3n1/zaminella/index.html
• Source Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford
  Researcher. Boston Bedford/St.
  Martins, 2003.

29
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• As works cited or reference lists vary widely,
  you will need to consult an appropriate style
  manual to record your entries accurately.
• Consult an English handbook first to . . .
• Find an overview of many or all of the styles.
• Answer most of your questions about style.
• Skim more easily.

30
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• Consult expanded style manuals when . . .
• Your questions remain unanswered.
• You need more specific information.
• Five authoritative manuals
• The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
• The Publication Manual of the APA
• The Chicago Manual of Style
• Scientific Style and Format The CBE Manual
• The Columbia Guide to Online Style.

31
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• Format your works cited or reference list
  according to the following guidelines
• Organize list by each authors last name
  alphabetically.
• Alphabetize by title if authors name is
  unavailable.
• The first line of each entry should begin at the
  margin.
• Each line thereafter should be indented.
• A second work by the same author should begin
  with three hyphens (---) instead of the authors
  name
• Franits, Wayne E. Domesticity, Privacy,
  Civility, and the Transformation of Adrianen van
  Ostades Art. . . .
• ---. Paragons of Virtue. Women and Domesticity in
  Seventeenth- Century Dutch Art. . . .
• Source Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher.
  Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

32
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)
33
Works Cited or Reference Lists (Continued)

• Use the following source information to prepare a
  brief works cited list according to MLA and APA
  guidelines
• Author Carl Plantinga
• Title of work National Geographic Spectacles
  of Death
• Atlas of the World, Clint Eastwood and
• 7th edition Violence in Unforgiven
• Publishing data Washington, D.C., Cinema
  Journal, National Geographic Vol. 37, Issue 2,
  Society, 1999 1998
• Pages 16 65-83
• Source Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford
  Researcher. Boston Bedford/St. Martins,
  2003.

34
Research Paper Addenda

• When necessary, you should also include . . .
• A title page
• An abstract
• Appendix
• Footnotes
• Endnotes

35
Title Page

• A title page includes . . .
• The title of your paper
• Your name
• The course name
• Your teachers name
• The date

36
Abstract

• An abstract is a summary (usually 50 to 250
  words) of your paper. They should identify . . .
• Your topic
• The conversation you are joining
• Your research question and thesis statement
• Source Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford
  Researcher. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

37
Appendix

• Place additional material in an appendix toward
  the end of the paper but before the works cited
  or reference list.
• An appendix might compile the following
  information
• Computer data
• Questionnaire results
• Complicated statistics
• Mathematical proofs
• Detailed descriptions of special equipment
• Source Lester, James. Composing from Sources.
  New York Pearson Longman, 2004.

38
Footnotes and Endnotes

• Use footnotes or endnotes . . .
• To record additional information that might not
  be directly relevant to your paper.
• As a substitute for parenthetical citation (MLA
  or APA) when using Chicago style.

39
Footnotes and Endnotes (Continued)

• The following is cited according to Chicago
  style
• Colorado Senate Bill 186 mandates that every
  public school be assessed, or tested, and given
  two grades one based on test scores in reading,
  writing, and arithmetic, and one based on
  safety.1
• Notes
• 1. State of Colorado General Assembly, Senate
  Bill 00-186, 31 January 2000, http
  leg.state.co.us/inetcbill.nsf/fsbillcont/
• 222894FAE70D5C6E87256840071E6D3?Openfile186_enr
  .pdf (15 April 2000).
• Source Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford
  Researcher. Boston Bedford/St. Martins,
  2003.