Event Safety: Traffic, Crowd, and

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Chapter 14

• Event Safety Traffic, Crowd, and
• Parking Strategies

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General Safety Considerations

• Conducting an environmental scan to assess the
  safety needs of your event will have a positive
  impact on all facets of your event planning and
  operations
• This process will determine the viability of
  existing resources to handle increased demands in
  vehicular and pedestrian traffic associated with
  your event
• This assessment for customer and environmental
  safety should also include a consideration of the
  general and specific supervision of all event
  activities.

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General Safety Considerations

• General supervision addresses the overall
  supervision strategy for the event and includes
  the placement of event staff and security
  personnel in key positions, as well as assigning
  others to move about your site
• Specific supervision is an increased level of
  monitoring visitors in areas that require a
  greater level of supervision. Traffic crossings,
  backstage areas, food preparation areas,
  mechanical operations, and amusements such as
  rides, require assigned staff to be present at
  all times the public is on site

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General Safety Checklist

• First aid and emergency response procedures
• On-site safety procedures
• Communication and control measures
• Crowd management and crowd control strategies
• Federal, state and local permits, codes and
  regulations
• Instructional signs for visitors
• Entrance and egress procedures

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General Safety Checklist

• Food and beverage handling practices
• Accident reporting procedures
• Security and public safety interventions
• Tent safety codes and assembly procedures
• Severe weather forecasting and evacuation
  procedures
• Seating strategies
• Media relations

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General Safety Checklist

• Public address announcements
• Special needs populations
• Use of participation waivers on tickets
• Sanitation, waste management, and recycling
  policies and procedures
• Hazardous materials management
• Machinery and equipment operation guidelines

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Crowd Management and Crowd Control

• Crowd management, defined as the facilitation,
  employment and movement of crowds, considers the
  role of crowds in the planning of the event
• Crowd control differs in that it involves
  creating specific procedures to handle a crowd
  that is creating a threat to the safety of others

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Crowd Characteristics

• Consideration of the numbers of people that
  attend an event, the density or spatial
  parameters of the gathering (what we commonly
  refer to as crowding) and the behavioral
  attributes of the group
• Crowds behave differently dependent upon their
  demographics, their motivations, and the
  environmental issues particular to the site

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Crowd Characteristics

• Crowds create a form of equality of status
  amongst themselves
• Curiosity causes crowds to grow
• Crowds move in the direction of an attraction or
  source of curiosity
• Crowds become denser until safety is threatened
• Stagnant crowds seek discharge or release in
  order to break existing patterns
• Tarlow (2002)

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The Psychology of Waiting in Line

• Unoccupied time seems longer than occupied time
• People want to get started
• Preprocess waits seem longer
• Uncertain and unexplained waits seem longer than
  known finite waits
• Unfair waits are longer than equitable waits
• The more valuable the service the longer people
  will wait
• Solo waits feel longer than group waits
• David Maister (2005)

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Crowd Management

• Crowd management is the facilitation, employment
  and movement of crowds
• Understanding your event
• Attractions and demographics
• Time and space
• Control and flow
• Functional crowding

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Crowd Control

• Designing specific procedures to handle a crowd
  that is creating a threat to the safety of others
• Control Process
• pre-crisis stage
• crisis stage
• post crisis stage

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Travel-Related Characteristics

• Travel demand, magnitude, rate and modal split
• Background traffic, transit and parking capacity
• Event market area and staging requirements
• Available personnel and equipment resources for
  planning and day-of-event operations
• Weather, security and other contingencies
• Other concurrent events

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Traffic Management Plan Goals

• Achieving Predictability
• Ensuring Safety
• Maximizing Efficiency
• Minimize Negative Effects

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TMP Event Specific Components

• Pedestrian access plan
• Traffic flow plan
• Traffic control plan
• Traveler information plan
• Traffic surveillance plan
• Incident and safety plan