http:www.youtube.comwatchvU53XWlGK4hY

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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vU53XWlGK4hY
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Chapter 1

• Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

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Module 1.1

• Foundations of Modern Psychology
• Psych-Mind
• Ology-Knowledge

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Youre on a plane.

• So what do you do..
• What do your parents think?
• What do your friends think?
• What do YOU think?

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What Is Psychology?

• The science of behavior and mental processes
• What makes psychology scientific?
• Evidence is valued over opinion and tradition

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Psychology?

• Unknown to most people
• Information concerning human behavior and the
  unconscious
• Most who are considered to be in the field of
  psychology (as determined by the general
  population) are far from it.
• SO WHAT?!

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Psychology?

• Requires critical thinking skills!!!
• More so than any other science.
• Example Chemistry
• Hydrochloric Acid and Aluminum Foil
  Predictions?
• Example Psychology
• Joshs parents get divorced when he is 7.when he
  turns 25 he will be __________________

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Dont know much bout PhilosophyDialectic
Progression of Ideas Hegel
Thesis
Antithesis
flaws/alt idea
flaws/alt idea
Synthesis best of both
New Thesis
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Philosophical Roots
Rationalist Logic reasoning is key (Think
about it)
Empiricist Experience observation is key (Test
it)
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How does it all fit? Philosophy
Empiricism (Locke)
Rationalism (Descartes)
Synthesis
Both have a role (Kant)
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Founding of Psychology as an Independent Science

• Wilhelm Wundt established the first scientific
  laboratory dedicated to study of psychology in
  1879
• Marked transition of psychology from philosophy
  to science

Repeat!
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Wundt, Titchner, and Structuralism

• Wundt was interested in studying peoples mental
  experiences.
• Used introspection
• Edward Titchner brought Wundts teachings and
  methods to US.
• Wundt and Titchner are identified with school of
  psychology known as structuralism.

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Introspection

• Mental life and experience can be reduced to
  parts.

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William James and Functionalism

• William James founded the school of psychology
  known as functionalism
• Focused on the roles or functions that underlie
  mental processes
• Why we do what we do
• What do you experience
• not as important as WHY

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Structure vs. Function
Thats a carburetor!
That mixes air and fuel!
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John Watson and Behaviorism

• Watson founded behaviorism
• Psychology should be a science of behavior only
• Cant see all this mental junk!
• What can you see?
• Believed that environment molds behavior
• By 1920s, behaviorism became dominant force in
  American psychology.

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B. F. Skinner

• Studied how behavior is shaped by rewards and
  punishments
• Principles of learning apply to animals and
  humans alike.

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Just a quick note

• The psychologists of then

The psychologist of today..
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Chapter 1

• Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

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THE BOOKS ARE COMING!

• .so they say

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Last time.

• 1. What is psychology
• 2. Philosophical roots of psychology?
• 3. Who were the first psychologists?
• we had a great time
• We left off with behaviorism

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B. F. Skinner

• Studied how behavior is shaped by rewards and
  punishments
• Principles of learning apply to animals and
  humans alike.

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Max Wertheimer and Gestalt Psychology

• Wertheimer was fascinated by the illusion of
  movement by objects in the distance.
• Founded Gestalt psychology
• How does the brain organize and structure our
  perceptions of the world?
• What might be some neat stuff which we can study
  with Gestalt Principles?

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One last good one.

• http//www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_adaptSpiral/index
  .html
• Deals with motion
• Aftereffect-the cells in our eyes are following
  this light around and around and processing.
• When we look awaycells still following the same
  pattern.

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Figure 1.2 What Is This?
Gestalt maximThe whole is greater than the sum
of the parts.
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Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

• Founded psychodynamic perspective
• Focused on the unconscious mind
• Emphasized importance of early childhood
  experiences
• Led to form of psychotherapy known as
  psychoanalysis
• What is the unconscious?
• Thoughts, memories and desires that
• exert great influence on behavior.

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Contemporary Psychology

• Behavioral Perspective
• Social-cognitive theory
• Behavioral therapy
• Psychodynamic Perspective
• Humanistic Perspective
• Human beings cannot be reduced to components.
• Human beings have in them a uniquely human
  context.
• Human consciousness includes an awareness of
  oneself in the context of other people.
• Human beings have choices and responsibilities.
• Human beings are intentional, they seek meaning,
  value and creativity.

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Contemporary Psychology

• Physiological Perspective
• Evolutionary psychology
• Cognitive Perspective
• Sociocultural Perspective

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Module 1.2

• Psychologists Who They Are and What They Do

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Types of Psychological Research

• Basic Research Focuses on acquiring knowledge,
  even if no practical application
• Applied Research Focuses on finding solutions to
  specific problems

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Figure 1.3 Psychologists Areas of Specialization
Source American Psychological Association,
Research Office, Current Major Field of APA
Membership by Membership Status 2002, Updated
April 2004.
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Figure 1.4 Where Psychologists Work
Source American Psychological Association,
Employment Settings for PhD Psychologists 2001,
APA Research Office. July 2003.
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Major Specialty Areas

• Experimental
• Comparative
• Physiological
• Clinical
• Counseling
• School
• Educational
• Developmental

• Personality
• Social
• Environmental
• Industrial/ Organizational
• Health
• Consumer

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Emerging Specialty Areas

• Neuropsychology
• Clinical neuropsychology
• Geropsychology
• Forensic psychology
• Sports psychology

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Chapter 1

• Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

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Office Hours

• M-W
• 945-1015
• Gartley Hall Room 7 (cognition lab)
• Or any other time

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Last Time

• 1. Gestalt Psychology
• Whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
• 2. Freud
• The unconscious mind directs behaviors and
  personality.
• 3.Where do psychologists work?
• 4. Themes in modern psychology

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Themes of Psychology

• 1. Empirical Stuff!
• Empiricism is the premise that knowledge should
  be acquired through observation (systematic)
• Common sense, tradition, faith, dogma?
• People get sad around the holidays (empirical
  ?s)
• How many people? Where? How do you know? What is
  the distribution? What do you mean by sad?

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Themes of Psychology

• 2. Theoretically Diverse
• A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used
  to explain a set of observations.
• Multiple causes for phenomena.
• Billy is a jerk
• Why?

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Themes of Psychology

• 3. Psychology evolves in a social historical
  context.
• Trends greatly influence what is done and studied
  in psychology.
• Homosexuality?

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Themes of Psychology

• 4. Heredity and Environment
• Nature vs. Nurture?
• Which is it?
• What do you think?
• What do psychologists think?

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Themes of Psychology

• 5. Our experience is HIGHLY subjective
• Barry Bonds?
• Love? Hate?
• The scientific method is designed to counteract
  subjectivity.

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Module 1.3

• Research Methods in Psychology

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The goals of scientific enterprise

• 1. Measurement and Description
• We must be able to measure and describe the
  phenomena under study.
• Is there a God?
• Why are people getting sick from Manoa Gardens?

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The goals of scientific enterprise

• 2. Understanding and Prediction
• Hypothesis?
• Can we predict, control and explain?
• My hypothesis is that they dont wash their hands
  and there is bacteria in the food.

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The goals of scientific enterprise

• 3.Application and Control.
• We have our findings which show SUPPORT towards
  our theorylets put it to work
• Tell employees to wash hands!

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Figure 1.7 General Steps in the Scientific
Method
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Case Study Method

• In-depth study of one or more individuals
• Information drawn from interviews, observation,
  or written records
• Problems with case studies
• Limitations of memory
• Withholding of important information
• Concerns over making favorable impressions

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Survey Method

• Information gathered from target groups of people
  through the use of
• Structured interviews
• Questionnaires
• Importance of random sampling
• Problems
• Limitations of memory
• Social desirability bias
• Volunteer bias

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Naturalistic Observation

• Direct observation of behavior in natural
  environment
• Problems
• May behave differently when aware being observed
• Potential observer biases

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Correlational Method

• Used to examine the relationship between two
  variables
• Correlation coefficient is a statistical measure
  of association
• Can range from -1.00 to 1.00 (what does 0 mean?)
• Positive vs. negative correlation coefficients
• Limitation Correlation is not causation!

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Chapter 1
http//youtube.com/watch?vWALIARHHLII

• Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

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Last Time

• 1. Themes of psychology
• Empirical stuff
• Nature nurture
• Historical context
• Etc.
• 2. The scientific method
• 3. Case studies, Naturalistic observation,
  surveys, correlations

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Benefits of the Correlational Method

• Offers clues to underlying causes
• Can identify groups at high risk for physical or
  behavioral problems
• Increases understanding of relationships between
  variables or events

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Experimental Method(the best)

• Allows for investigation of cause-and-effect
  relationships
• Independent Variables (IV) Factors that are
  manipulated in an experiment
• Dependent Variables (DV) Outcome variables
  measured
• IV (cause) ? DV (effect)

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Experimental Method
Participants
Random Assignment
Independent variable control group
Independent variable experimental group
Measure dependent variable Is there a difference?
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Extraneous variables?

• Any variable other than the IV that seem likely
  to influence the dependent variable.
• Confounding variables Two variables are linked
  together in a way that makes it difficult to sort
  out specific effects.

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Experimental Method

• Controlling for placebo effects (participant)
• Controlling for expectancy effects (experimenter)
• Single-blind and double-blind procedures

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Our Study

• Dewald et. al (2007)
• Question Does listening to Metallica improve
  performance on sudoku?

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Our Study

• What is our hypothesis?
• What is the IV?
• What is the DV?
• How would you set up this experiment?

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You try!

• A cognitive psychologist wants to know whether
  lack of sleeping affects memory performance. She
  randomly assigns 10 participants to stay up all
  night at the lab by watching TV, playing board
  games, and reading. The other 10 participants
  are assigned to sleep a full 8 hours at night.
  The next day, the researcher has all 20
  participants perform a memory test. The test
  consists of remembering pairs of words. She
  records how many pairs of words the participants
  recall successfully.
• IV?
• DV?
• EG?
• CG?

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You try!

• A psychologist is interested in whether watching
  violent movies produces a faster heart rate. He
  randomly assigns 20 participants to watch a
  discovery channel program titled Mars Close-Up
  (non-violent). He assigns another group of 20 to
  watch the video Terminator 3 The rise of the
  machines (violent). During the movie, he
  measures the participants heart rate. The
  psychologist then compares the recorded heart
  rates of the 2 groups.
• IV?
• DV?
• EG?
• CG?

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You try!

• A man is curious about whether wearing cologne
  makes him more attractive to his dates. He goes
  on 4 dates with cologne, and 4 dates without
  cologne. He then records whether he gets a
  goodnight kiss at the end of the night.
• IV?
• DV?
• EG?
• CG?

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You try!

• A truck driver wants to find out if caffeine will
  help his sleepiness during the long night hours
  he has to drive cross country. One night he
  drinks a coffee and 2 sodas, and another night he
  drinks water. He writes down how many times he
  yawns between midnight and 5 a.m.
• IV?
• DV?
• EG?
• CG?

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Anatomy of a Research Study

• Abstract (the big picture in 500 words)
• Introduction (Whats out there? What needs to be
  done?)
• Method (How did I do thisdetailed!)
• Results (What happened?)
• Discussion (What does this mean? What next? What
  went wrong?)
• References (Who inspired me?)

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Application Module 1.4

• Becoming a Critical Thinker

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What Is Critical Thinking?

• The adoption of a questioning attitude
• Careful weighing of evidence
• Thoughtful analysis of others claims and
  arguments
• Requires a willingness to challenge conventional
  wisdom and common knowledge

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Features of Critical Thinking

• Question everything.
• Clarify what you mean.
• Avoid oversimplifying.
• Avoid over generalizing.
• Dont confuse correlation with causation.

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Features of Critical Thinking

• Consider the assumptions upon which claims are
  based.
• Examine sources of claims.
• Question the evidence upon which claims are
  based.
• Consider alternative ways of explaining claims.

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Thinking Critically About Online Information

• Dont suspend skeptical attitude when online!
• Ask questions such as
• Who is posting the material?
• Is the source a well-respected institution or one
  with no apparent credentials and perhaps an ax to
  grind?
• Most trustworthy online information comes from
  well-known scientific sources.