Ch 5: Shining Conquests

1
Ch 5 Shining Conquests

• Conditions before and after the fall of Roman
  Empire
• Rammelsberg Mine
• Papermaking and Gutenbergs Printing Press
• Gold and the Americas

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Roman Empire
3
Roman Empire

• Well organized society politics, economy, trade
• Positive impacts
• Raised living standards
• General human well-being
• Widespread use of minerals and metals
• Large army and navy
• Commerce and trade
• Negative impacts
• Air pollution from lead smelting
• Slavery
• Conquerors relied heavily on harvest of war
• Dependence on craftsmen for skilled labor

4
Conditions after the Fall

• Interrupted supply of metals
• Underground mining techniques and organization
  skills were lost
• Rio Tinto forgotten
• No metals for currency
• Each region left to own resources
• Farm works encouraged to farm masters estate
• Beginning of feudal system

5
After the Fall

• Stagnation in Europe/Western Empire
• No technological advances
• Interrupted supply of metals
• No new methods of mining/metal recovery
• Loss of knowledge to mine minerals and make
  metals
• Why? inadequate written records
• East (China) continued to thrive on mineral
  resources
• Plenty of resources (silver gold, iron, copper,
  lead) but no new technologies
• Rise of Eastern Roman Empire under Constantine
• Capitol city Byzantium/Constantinople/Istanbul
• The empire entered a great stability and gained
  eminence for 700 years.
• Resources from countries surrounding the Black
  Sea were used
• Franks, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings emerged

6
Revival of Western Europe

• Charlemagne (800) in Aachen, Germany
• Conquered Western Europe
• Franks, Romans, Germans, Celts, Scandinavians
• Awakened interest in precious metals and metal
  workings
• Lead mined for new architectural features roofs,
  lead-stained glass.
• Exploited discoveries of minerals
• Copper, lead, tin
• Bohemia, Slovakia, Czechoslovakia
• Used Saxon slaves to work mines
• Silver exploited the most and used for coins
• Beginning of new era in human history

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Charlemagnes Empire Capitol - Aachen
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Charlemagnes Empire
http//www.loyno.edu/seduffy/MapImages/Charlemagn
eEmpire-display.jpg
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Rammelsberg Mine

• Rammelsberg Mine in Harz Mountains of Germany
• Prospecting/Accident
• Minerals
• Silver
• Lead
• Copper

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Mining Methods and Waterwheels

• Fire-setting
• Only tools were hammers and chisels
• No dynamite, power tools
• Heat surface, cool, crack
• Waterwheels
• Goal eliminate water
• Linked to pumps and beams
• Many designs
• Ex Undershot/Overshot wheel

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Rammelsberg Impacts

• Training school
• Miners, prospectors, smelter men
• Only tools were hammers and chisels
• Personal rights
• Serf to free man
• Mining law
• Social Order
• Poverty to hope of improvement
• Silver profits funded the Renaissance
• Revival of Venice
• Technology advancement

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Papermaking andPrinting Methods
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Paper-Making Steps

• Chinese
• First paper makers (early centuries AD)
• Source linen rags or wood fibers
• Improvement over parchment or vellum, papyrus
• Paper making steps
• Wood pulp
• Mix chopped-up plant materials with water in an
  open tub to form milky slurry.
• 2. Fiber layer
• Place fine screen in pulp - Allow fibers to
  settle -
• Lift the screen - Peel off fiber layer
• 3. Drying
• Squeeze layer between two flat absorbing surfaces

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Printing Methods

• China Wooden block printing
• Hand-carved into wood
• Small-scale only, slow, labor intensive
• The next major discovery was in Germany
• How did the technology get to Europe from China??
• Arabs
• Paper from Baghdad to Near East Mediterranean
• Arabs in Spain first in Europe
• Paper mills in Italy 13th Century

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Metal Type Set Printing

• Chinese technology did not last
• 15th Century, Johannes Gutenberg, Germany
• Metal stamping in Europe
• First book was the Bible
• Individually Casted Letters
• Mixture of lead, tin, antimony mixture
• Low melting point (240 C), set easily
• Each letter stored in separate pigeon-holes
• Casting Mold
• Made of copper (soft), filled with molten mixture
• Printing Press
• Transferred ink from block to paper
• Grooved stick made a line to arrange letters into
  sentences
• Wine press firm, even impression

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Gutenbergs Printing System

• Demand in Europe
• Financial industry accounts and receipts
• Universities books and manuscripts
• Importance
• Knowledge dissemination
• Faster than hand-copying
• Letters were strong, easy to make
• Expansion of commerce, trade, technology
• De Re Metallica (1556)
• Miners bible
• Demonstrated importance of wealth from mines in
  Europe
• Problems
• Still slow and expensive
• Ex Bible - 200 copies in three years

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Modern Paper Making

• Source
• Wood (spruce, pine, fir, eucalyptus, birch)
• Vegetable fibers (cotton, hemp, linen, rice)
• Waste paper and paperboard
• Pulp Mill
• Remove bark
• Break down wood w/ crushers, grinders
• Soak in water
• Add chemicals (sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide)
• Bleach (chlorine and non-chlorine bleach)
• Paper-making
• Shaped and dried
• Coating and Finishing
• Fine clay or calcite particles smooth surface

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Think, Pair, Share

• THINK about paper-making industry today
• - What resources are used?
• - What minerals are needed?
• What types of processes require energy?
• PAIR with 1-2 people near you
• SHARE and discuss your ideas

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Think, Pair, Share

• Resources and Minerals
• new trees
• recycled products
• water
• coating for paper to hold the ink
• pulping requires sodium
• chlorine dioxide for bleaching
• Energy
• pre-treatment
• grinding
• seperating of wood
• drying pulp

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Paper making facts

• 34 of all paper produced is derived from
  recycled materials
• 10 to 17 trees are required for one ton of
  paper ( 7,000 newspapers)
• It takes 2.7kg of wood, 130g of calcium
  carbonate, 8g of sulfur, 40g of chlorine and 300
  liters of water to produce 1kg of paper
• The pulp and paper industry is the fifth largest
  industrial consumer of energy, accounting for 10
  of all industrial energy consumption (although
  energy efficiency within the industry has
  improved greatly, and continues to improve)
• Source World Resource Foundation, 1997

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Conquest for Gold Discovery of Americas
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Journey to the Americas

• Christopher Columbus in 1492
• Objective treasure
• Gold Silver
• Spices
• Slaves
• Conditions in Spain
• Agreed the earth was flat
• Too far to go to the East? China and India
• Ferdinand and Isabella - desperate for edge over
  Europe and trade with East Indies
• Columbus miscalculated circumference, distance
• Lure of gold in Americas brought more explorers
• Journey Spain to San Salvadore
• Followed by Spanish Conquistadors (16th Century)

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Pizarro in Peru (16th Century)
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Pizarros Spanish Invasion

• Incan Empire
• Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Argentina
• Capitol City Cuzco, Peru
• Spanish Conquest
• Incas recently ravaged by smallpox
• Easy to conquer
• Ransacked Cuzco for gold
• Melted artifacts to transport out as coins, bars
• Spaniard Downfall
• Source of wealth became a curse
• Fought among themselves

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Gold Treasures of Incas
Casting technology was used to make gold objects
only a few gold treasures from Incas have been
discovered melted for shipping.
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Casting of Gold in Americas

• Mixing gold (30) with copper (70), some other
  metals
• decreased its melting temperature
• object could be cast (poured) easily
• How to increase temperature?
• No evidence for use of bellows
• Probably used ceramic tip pipes to blow air
• Salt solution dissolved away copper and
  impurities
• Hammering created shiny surface
• Other theories
• No evidence for use of bronze (no tin in the
  area)
• Methods probably developed independent of those
  used in the Mediterranean and the East

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Objectives

• Discuss/describe
• Conditions in the Europe after the fall of Roman
  Empire?
• Conditions in the East (China) during the same
  period?
• Revival of Europe from about 800 -1600?
• Role of Rammelsberg mine in revival of Europe?

28
Objectives

• Discuss/describe
• Where, when and how paper was making methods were
  invented?
• How did the methods of paper making became to be
  known in rest of the world?
• What is wooden-block printing?
• What is metal type-set printing?
• What was needed to print books in large numbers?
• What was the importance of the invention of
  metal-type printing press in the growth of
  western civilization?

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Objectives

• Purpose of Columbus expedition
• Role of gold in opening up the new worlds, and
  how it caused great migrations of talent and
  resources
• Great wave of exploration of minerals and metals
  by European nations to colonized most of the new
  world
• Incas, the Spanish invasion