Title: bosons :
1?????? ??????? ????? ???????????
?? ????? ?? ???????
2???????(bosons) ???????? ??????????
S. Bose
A. Einstein
- ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????
- ???? ??? ???(Bose-Einstein statistics) .
- ?T0 ???? ??????????? ?? ????????
- ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????.
BE distribution
3????????(fermions) ???????? ?????????????????
P.M. Dirac
E. Fermi
W. Pauli
- ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???
- (Fermi-Dirac statistics, Pauli exclusion
principle)
- ?T0 ???? ??????????? N ????????
- ?????? ??N ????? ??????? ?????
- (?? ?????? ????).
4???????? ???????? ?????????
???????? ???? ?????
??????? ????? ??????
5???????? ???????? ???????
?????
??????
- ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? - ????????
- ??????? ???? ???? ??? - ???????
6Bose-Einstein Condensation - ???????? ??????
???? ????????? ??????Tc
???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????
?????? ?????.
"??-????"
?Helium-4 Tc2.17 K
7??-??????? ???? ???????
.
P.L Kapitsa
- ??-???? ???? ?? ?????
- ??? ?????? ????? ?????.
- ??-???? ???? ?????? ???
- ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????
- ????.
8???????? ???-????
????????? ??-???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??
????????? ????????
???? ???
9??? ?? ???? ??????
?Helium-4 Tc2.17 K
??? ????? ?
????????? ???????
???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????.
????? Tc10-7K.
??? ?????? ?????????? ?????
10????? ?????? ?????1. ??? ??? ?????
laser cooling
Doppler effect 1
2
3
??? ????? ????????? ?? 10000/1 ?????
optical molasses
112. "????" ????
evaporative cooling
12??? ?? ?????
E. Cornell
W. Ketterle
C. Wieman
?????? BE ?????? ????????
?????? BE ?????? ????
?????? ?????????? ?? ????
13??-??????? ???? ?????????
.
???????? ??????? ?? ??-????? ????? ???? ?????????
?????? Tc.
H. Kamerlingh
14??? ????? ???-??????? ?? ?????? ???
W. Meissner
15??? ????? ?? ??-???????
??? ???? ?????
1. ??-??????? ?????(TYPE I)
??
2. ??????? vortices
(TYPE II)
???? ???
A. Abrikosov
16???? ???? ??????
??? ???? ????? ??? ??????????
?????
17??-??????? ????? ?? ?????(Cooper Pairs)
J. Bardeen
L. Cooper
J. Schrieffer
18??? ?? ????
MagLev
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- ???????? ????? ??? ??????
19??-??????? ?????????? ??????
???????? ????? ?? ????
G. Bednorz
A. Muller
- ???-??????? ?????? ???? ?????
- ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?"??????"
- ????.
- ????? ???????? ??? ???-???????
- ???? ????? ?"???" ??????.
20???? ??? ???????
- ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????
- ?????? BE
- http//www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec
- ??-???????
-
http//superconductors.org
2. ???? ?? ????? ???? ????
3. ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????