Math in History

1
Math in History
2
Civil Rights
Brands
Labor
Inventions
Elections
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
300
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
400
500
500
500
500
500
3
Civil Rights
Brands
Labor
Inventions
Elections
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
300
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
400
500
500
500
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500
4
Civil Rights 100 On May 17, 1954, the Supreme
Court issued a decision in Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka, Kansas, declaring that
"separate educational facilities are inherently
unequal." How many years have passed since the
Supreme Court made this ruling?
O'Halloran, T.J. (1955). School integration,
Barnard School, Washington, D.C.. Library of
Congress Exhibitions, "With an Even Hand" Brown
v. Board at Fifty
5

• Civil Rights 100
• Did You Know?
• The 1954 decision was the first major piece of
  Civil Rights legislation since the 1896 Plessy
  vs. Ferguson Case, which Brown overruled.
• http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-segregatio
  n.html
• Answer 52 years

O'Halloran, T.J. (1955). School integration,
Barnard School, Washington, D.C.. Library of
Congress Exhibitions, "With an Even Hand" Brown
v. Board at Fifty
6
Civil Rights 200 This picture shows a
line of people wanting to get a seat in the
Supreme court for Brown vs. Board of Education.
If there are only 50 seats available, and only
one thirteenth of the people were able to get a
seat, how many people were waiting in line?
Unknown. (1953). Waiting for courtroom seats,
1953. . Library of Congress Exhibitions, "With
an Even Hand" Brown v. Board at Fifty
7
Civil Rights 200 While Brown called for
school desegregation, integration of public
places was not legally supported until the Civil
Rights Acts ten years later, in 1964
http//memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart
9b.html Answer 650 People
Unknown. (1953). Waiting for courtroom seats,
1953. . Library of Congress Exhibitions, "With
an Even Hand" Brown v. Board at Fifty
8
Civil Rights 300 From the steps of the Lincoln
Memorial, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered
his famous "I Have A Dream" speech to a crowd of
250,000. If there was a 41 ratio of African
American viewers to White viewers, how many
African Americans watched the speech?
Unknown. (1963). March on Washington, August 28,
1963.. Library of Congress America's
Library, Jump Back in Time
9
Civil Rights 300 March organizers A. Philip
Randolph and Bayard Rustin had planned a similar
march 22 years earlier to protest segregation in
the armed forces, but the event was cancelled
after the passage of the Fair Employment Act in
1941. http//lcweb2.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss
/eadpdfmss/2005/ms005004.pdf Answer 200,000
Unknown. (1963). March on Washington, August 28,
1963.. Library of Congress America's
Library, Jump Back in Time
10
Civil Rights 400 Martin Luther King made
his famous speech in 1963. How many years have
passed since this speech?
Unknown. (1967). Martin Luther King Jr., three
head-and-shoulders portraits, facing
left. Library of Congress Prints Photographs
Walcott, M.P. (1939). Domestic servants waiting
for the streetcar on their way to work early in
the morning in Atlanta, Georgia, 1939.. Library
of Congress America's Library, Jump Back in Time
11
Civil Rights 400 Martin Luther King became
the youngest person ever to win the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1964. http//www.loc.gov/shop/index.php?
actioncCatalog.showItemcid14scid185iid3151
Answer 44 years
Unknown. (1967). Martin Luther King Jr., three
head-and-shoulders portraits, facing
left. Library of Congress Prints Photographs
Walcott, M.P. (1939). Domestic servants waiting
for the streetcar on their way to work early in
the morning in Atlanta, Georgia, 1939.. Library
of Congress America's Library, Jump Back in Time
12
Civil Rights 500 Rosa Parks was 42 years
old when she refused to give up her seat on a bus
to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Eight
years later, in 1963, Martin Luther King gave his
famous speech. Use the dates listed to find the
year Rosa Parks was born.
United Press Association. (1956). Rosa Parks,
three-quarter length portrait, seated toward
front of bus, facing right, Montgomery,
Alabama. Library of Congress Prints
Photographs
13
Civil Rights 500 The Montgomery Bus Boycott,
which followed Parks incident, lasted over a
year until the Supreme Court ruled in favor of
the Boycotters in November 1956 http//www.america
slibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa/activists/king/bu
s_3 Answer 1913
United Press Association. (1956). Rosa Parks,
three-quarter length portrait, seated toward
front of bus, facing right, Montgomery,
Alabama. Library of Congress Prints
Photographs
14
Brands 100 Idaho's first potatoes
were planted in 1837 by
Presbyterian minister
Henry
Spalding. He
developed a 15-acre
potato plot and produced
successful harvests. Give
a dimension (length
and width)
of a potato plot
that would give an area
of 15
square acres?
http//memory.loc.gov/learn/features/branding/inde
x.php
15
Brands 100 The Irish Potato Famine
of the 1840s cut
Irelands population in
half from widespread
starvation
and migration. Answer example 3 acres x 5
acres
http//memory.loc.gov/learn/features/branding/inde
x.php
16
Brands 200 In 1870, Luther and Eliza Tibbets
planted three navel orange trees. Today,
more than 6,000 citrus
growers make up the
Sunkist
Cooperative. If two thirds
of the growers grow oranges,
and half of the
oranges grown
are navels, how many citrus
growers have navel oranges?
California Fruit Growers Exchange.
(ca.1910s). Recipes for Dainty Dishes Culinary,
Toilet, and Medicinal Hints. Library of
Congress American Memory, Emergence of
Advertising in America, 1850-1920 Selections
from the Collections of Duke University
17
Brands 200 By 1910, the Tibbets trees
had turned
into a very profitable
business at least 100,000 acres
of orange groves existed
in the state
with profits reaching over
200 million.
http//www.eee.org/bus/nos/history.htm
Answer 2,000 navels
California Fruit Growers Exchange.
(ca.1910s). Recipes for Dainty Dishes Culinary,
Toilet, and Medicinal Hints. Library of
Congress American Memory, Emergence of
Advertising in America, 1850-1920 Selections
from the Collections of Duke University
18
Brands 300 Milton Hershey was born in 1857.
His interest in coating caramels with chocolate
resulted in the birth of the Hershey Chocolate
Co. in 1894. Today, Hershey's produces more than
1 billion pounds of chocolate products each year.
If the Hershey company must spend 24,000 on
milk, 6,000 on sugar, and 20,000 on cocoa to
make 1 billion pounds of chocolate, how much did
they have to spend per pound for ingredients?
Hershey's Milk Chocolate. (n.d.). Hershey's Sweet
Milk Chocolate. Library of Congress American
Memory, Emergence of Advertising in America,
1850-1920 Selections from the Collections of
Duke University
19
Brands 300 Milton Hershey apprenticed for a
printer before eventually working at a candy
shop. He opened his own candy store in 1876.
(http//memory.loc.gov/learn/fe
atures/branding/popup.php?statepa2) Answer
0.00005 cents
Hershey's Milk Chocolate. (n.d.). Hershey's Sweet
Milk Chocolate. Library of Congress American
Memory, Emergence of Advertising in America,
1850-1920 Selections from the Collections of
Duke University
20
Brands 400 In 1886, Atlanta physician and

chemist Dr. John Stith Pemberton
developed a nerve tonic
called "Pemberton's French Wine
Cola, which was the start of
Coca-Cola.
In 1886, about nine drinks were
sold each day. Today's daily
sales number 450 million.
How many Coca-Cola
drinks are sold
in one year today?
Gottscho-Schleisner, Inc. (1953). Steiner
Plastics, Oyster Bay. Coca Cola sign.. Library of
Congress American Memory, Architecture and
Interior Design for 20th Century America
Photographs by Samuel Gottscho and William
Schleisner, 1935-1955
21
Brands 400 The First Newspaper
advertisements for
Coca-Cola appeared
in
1906. http//memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colahis
t.html Answer 164,250,000,000
Gottscho-Schleisner, Inc. (1953). Steiner
Plastics, Oyster Bay. Coca Cola sign.. Library of
Congress American Memory, Architecture and
Interior Design for 20th Century America
Photographs by Samuel Gottscho and William
Schleisner, 1935-1955
22
Brands 500 In the early 1900s, Edwin Perkins
enjoyed studying chemistry and inventions. He
experimented with methods to remove the liquid
from a concentrated drink mix called Fruit Smack.
The resulting powder was repackaged under the
name "Kool-Ade," and later changed to "Kool-Aid.
More than 563 million gallons are consumed in a
year. How many gallons are consumed in a day?
Jones, S. (1978). Meal, Ninety-Six Ranch 35mm
slide. Library of Congress American
Memory, Buckaroos in Paradise Ranching Culture
in Northern Nevada, 1945-1982
23
Brands 500 Kool-Aid got its start in Hastings,
Nebraska. http//memory.loc.gov/learn/features/br
anding/index.php Answer 1542465.75
Jones, S. (1978). Meal, Ninety-Six Ranch 35mm
slide. Library of Congress American
Memory, Buckaroos in Paradise Ranching Culture
in Northern Nevada, 1945-1982
24
Labor 100 If a child received a weekly wage of
75 cents, how much money would they receive after
5 weeks?
Unknown. (n.d.). Interior of Magnolia (Miss.)
Cotton Mills and Spinning Room. Library of
Congress Exhibitions, American Treasures of the
Library of Congress
25
Labor 100 The National Child Labor Committee
campaigned for tougher state and federal laws
against the abuses of industrial child labor, and
Lewis Hine was its greatest publicist during the
1910s. http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm03
2.html Answer 3.75
Unknown. (n.d.). Interior of Magnolia (Miss.)
Cotton Mills and Spinning Room. Library of
Congress Exhibitions, American Treasures of the
Library of Congress
26
Labor 200 This is the seal of the National

Womens Trade Union League

of 1903. On the
seal are the

words The Eight-Hour Day. A

living wage. To guard
the
home.
On weekdays, a woman
might
work 8 hours a day in

the industry, then 4 hours a day

for her family.
On weekends

she worked 6 hours a day

around the house. How many

hours a week would she

spend
working?
Wendt, J.B. (1903). National Women's Trade Union
Seal.. Library of Congress Exhibitions, American
Treasures of the Library of Congress
27
Labor 200 The seal was added to the national

office's letterhead, became

increasingly popular with all the

Local leagues on all their

publications, was fashioned
into
a pin, and -most
satisfying of all -

was reproduced and framed at

Samuel Gompers's request to hang

in his presidential
office at the
headquarters of the
American
Federation of Labor in

Washington, D.C. Answer
232
Wendt, J.B. (1903). National Women's Trade Union
Seal.. Library of Congress Exhibitions, American
Treasures of the Library of Congress
28
Labor 300
Members of minority groups such as this Chinese
man were forced to migrate from one temporary,
low-paying job to the next. Some workers had to
support their families on as little as 1.50 a
week. Todays minimum wage in Virginia is 5.15
an hour. If this man were to work 40 hours a
week, what is the minimum that his employer
should pay him?
Rothstein, A. (1936). Chinese laborer in potato
field. Walla Walla, Washington. Library of
Congress American Memory, America from the Great
Depression to World War II Photographs from the
FSA and OWI, ca. 1935-1945
29
Some states enacted laws to protectfrom
conditions detrimental to their health and
morals, resulting from wages which are inadequate
to maintain decent standards of living. Most
laws targeted women, children and later
immigrants. In 1937 the U.S. Supreme Court
decided that minimum wage laws were
constitutional in WEST COAST HOTEL CO. V. PARRISH
, 300 U.S. 379. Answer 206
Labor 300
http//memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awlaw3/protect
ive.html
Rothstein, A. (1936). Chinese laborer in potato
field. Walla Walla, Washington. Library of
Congress American Memory, America from the Great
Depression to World War II Photographs from the
FSA and OWI, ca. 1935-1945
30
Labor 400 On May 10 1894, 2500 out of 3100 of
the railroad workmen went on strike. What
percent of 3100 workmen went on strike?
Library of Congress. (n.d.). "California as I Saw
It" First-Person Narratives of California's
Early Years, 1849-1900 . Library of
Congress American Memory, "California as I Saw
It" First-Person Narratives of California's
Early Years, 1849-1900
31
Labor 400 The Strike of 1894 lasted for over
two months, as it was not fully resolved until
August. http//memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timel
ine/riseind/railroad/strike.html Answer 81
percent
Library of Congress. (n.d.). "California as I Saw
It" First-Person Narratives of California's
Early Years, 1849-1900 . Library of
Congress American Memory, "California as I Saw
It" First-Person Narratives of California's
Early Years, 1849-1900
32
Labor 500 The period from 1894 to 1915 was a
period of change, unrest, and economic
uncertainty in the United States. If a man made
1.00 a week during this period, how much would
he make from the beginning of 1894 till the end
of 1915?
Library of Congress. (n.d.). America at
Work. Library of Congress American
Memory, America at Work, America at Leisure
Motion Pictures from 1894-1915
33
Labor 500 While many cities experienced labor
strikes during this period, Chicago in particular
was a center of labor activity with the Chicago
City Railway strike of 1903, the Stockyard strike
of 1904, the Garment Workers strike of 1915, and
the Bloomington and Normal Electric Power and
Railway strike of 1917, all involving
confrontations with police. http//memory.loc.gov/
learn/collections/chicago/history.html
Answer 1092
Library of Congress. (n.d.). America at
Work. Library of Congress American
Memory, America at Work, America at Leisure
Motion Pictures from 1894-1915
34
Inventions 100 Orville and Wilbur Wright
had the first successful flight in Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina in 1901, with a glider that
covered a distance of 389 feet. If there are
three feet in a yard, how many yards did they
fly?
Daniels, J. T. (1903). First flight, 120 feet in
12 seconds, 1035 a.m., Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina, December 17, 1903. . Library of
Congress Exhibitions, The Dream of Flight
35
Inventions 100 The Wrights only used three
materials, wood, cloth, and steel, to make their
airplane. http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/wb
-achieve.html Answer 129.67 yards.
Daniels, J. T. (1903). First flight, 120 feet in
12 seconds, 1035 a.m., Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina, December 17, 1903. . Library of
Congress Exhibitions, The Dream of Flight
36
Inventions 200 Orville piloted the first
flight, which
lasted just
12 seconds. On the

fourth and final flight
of the day,
Wilbur flew
for 57 seconds.
How
many more seconds did
they fly the
fourth day?
Unknown. (1909). Wilbur and Orville on porch in
Dayton, 1909. Library of Congress Exhibitions, Am
erican Treasures of the Library of Congress
37
Inventions 200 The 1903 machine

contained not only a
200-pound
aluminum,
4-cylinder,
water-cooled
gasoline engine that the

Wrights had designed
and built, but
also two
propellers, all mounted

on a controllable airframe.
http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/
treasures/wb-achieve.html Answer 45
seconds
Unknown. (1909). Wilbur and Orville on porch in
Dayton, 1909. Library of Congress Exhibitions, Am
erican Treasures of the Library of Congress
38
Inventions 300 It took Thomas Edison

over 2,000 tries to

invent the light bulb.

Afterwards he claimed
that he did
not fail 2,000
times, but that he
knew
2,000 ways NOT to make

a light bulb. What

percent is 1 of 2,000?
Unknown. (1895). Edison Sitting on the grounds of
the New Jersey and Pennsylvania Concentrating
Works Ogden, NJ 1895.. Library of
Congress America's Library, Meet Amazing
Americans
39
Inventions 300 Thomas Edison

acquired a total of

1,093 patents

during his life. http//memory.loc.gov
/ammem/edhtml/edbio.html Answer 0.05


Unknown. (1895). Edison Sitting on the grounds of
the New Jersey and Pennsylvania Concentrating
Works Ogden, NJ 1895.. Library of
Congress America's Library, Meet Amazing
Americans
40
Inventions 400 Ice cream cones were
invented and sold for the first time at a fair.
If you have 3.50, and ice cream cones are 30
cents, how many can you buy?
Vachon, J. (1941). I love my ice cream
cone!. Library of Congress America's
Library, Jump Back in Time
41
Inventions 400
http//www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/progress/jb_p
rogress_icecream_1_e.html
Answer 11 cones Thomas
Jefferson once offered a recipe for his take on
vanilla ice cream. http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/tre
asures/tri034.html
Vachon, J. (1941). I love my ice cream
cone!. Library of Congress America's
Library, Jump Back in Time
42
Inventions 500 The Model T Ford can go 45
miles per hour. How
many hours will it take
to get to a destination
320 miles away?
43
Inventions 500 When the model T was
first sold in
1908, it cost 950. http//memory.loc.gov/ammem/to
day/jul30.html Answer 7 hours and 7 minutes
44
Elections 100
Once three-fourths of the states had ratified
the 19th Amendment, women were granted the right
to vote in 1920. In the city of Springfield, 44
women voted. Orange county had 5 more than
double the female votes that Springfield had.
How many women voted in Orange County?
http//www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb
/jazz/19tham_3
45
Elections 100 Between 1880 and 1910, the
number of women employed in the United States
increased from 2.6 million to 7.8 million.
http//memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/prog
ress/suffrage/suffrage.html Answer 93
votes http//www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.
cgi/jb/jazz/19tham_3
46
Elections 200
Electors are people who represent their state
and vote for a president. Depending on the size
of its population states may have more electoral
votes. California has 54 electoral votes while
New Mexico has only five. If a state had three
times as many people as New Mexico, how many
electoral votes would they receive?
Unknown. (1945). Voters at the voting booths in
1945. Library of Congress America's
Library, Jump Back in Time
47
Elections 200
In the early 1800's, the term "electoral
college" came into general usage as the
unofficial designation for the group of citizens
selected to cast votes for President and Vice
President. It was first written into Federal law
in 1845, and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C.
section 4, in the section heading and in the text
as "college of electors." http//www.archives.gov/
federal-register/electoral-college/faq.htmlhistor
y Answer 15 votes
Unknown. (1945). Voters at the voting booths in
1945. Library of Congress America's
Library, Jump Back in Time
48
Elections 300 By 1920, World

War I was over,

and America was

ready for a

presidential
election.
If
elections happen

every four years,

when did the next

election take place?
Library of Congress. (n.d.). American Leaders
Speak Recordings From World War I And The 1920
Election. Library of Congress American
Memory, American Leaders Speak Recordings from
World War I and the 1920 Election
49
Elections 300 President Harding won the

1920 election but
died in
office
in 1923 before the

next election. V.P. Calvin

Coolidge assumed
the

office and won the 1924

election to remain in

office until 1928. http//memory.
loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/ccpres02.html Answer
1924
Library of Congress. (n.d.). American Leaders
Speak Recordings From World War I And The 1920
Election. Library of Congress American
Memory, American Leaders Speak Recordings from
World War I and the 1920 Election
50
Elections 400 If 12 women voted for
every
116 men, write

the ratio of

women to men
in
simplest form.
Underwood Underwood. (1921). Famous G.O.P women
arrive.. Library of Congress American
Memory, American Leaders Speak Recordings from
World War I and the 1920 Election
51
Elections 400 Answer 3 to 29 By 1896,
women had
gained the
right to
vote in four
states
(Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho,
and Utah). http//memory.loc.gov/learn/features/ti
meline/progress/suffrage/suffrage.html
Underwood Underwood. (1921). Famous G.O.P women
arrive.. Library of Congress American
Memory, American Leaders Speak Recordings from
World War I and the 1920 Election
52
Elections 500 In 1909, James Cox

represented Ohio in the

house of representatives.

He was the governor of

Ohio when he was nominated

as a candidate for the

presidency by the democratic

party in 1918. How many years

passed between when he

represented Ohio until he was

a candidate for the presidency?
Weeks, L.A. (1920). James Cox, Governor of Ohio,
half-length portrait, facing left, seated at
desk, reading.. Library of Congress American
Memory, American Leaders Speak Recordings from
World War I and the 1920 Election
53
Elections 500 Franklin Roosevelt was

selected as Coxs running

mate for the 1920 election. http//mem
ory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/nfexpe.html
Answer 9 years






Weeks, L.A. (1920). James Cox, Governor of Ohio,
half-length portrait, facing left, seated at
desk, reading.. Library of Congress American
Memory, American Leaders Speak Recordings from
World War I and the 1920 Election