Drugs Throughout The Ages

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Drugs Throughout The Ages

• A Historical Overview
• Of
• Psychoactive Drugs

2
Intoxication The 4th Drive

• Throughout our entire history as a species,
  intoxication has functioned like the basic drives
  of hunger, thirst, and sex, sometimes
  overshadowing all other activities in life
• Intoxication, Dr. R. Siegel
• 1989

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Ancient Civilizations

• Stone Age Humans used opium poppies, hashish
  and coca plants in religious ceremonies to
  prepare for battle
• 6400 B.C. Bible has over 150 references to
  alcohol mentions Noahs drunkenness in the
  Book Of Genesis
• 5000 B.C. Opium poppies commonly used in Asia,
  identified as The Joy Plant

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Ancient Civilizations

• 2700 B.C. Cannabis sativa, brewed into tea,
  used in China. Emperor Shen Nug recommends its
  use to his people for treatment of gout, upset
  stomachs, absent mindedness, and sleeplessness.
• 2500 B.C. Coca plants grown throughout Southern
  and Central America, used by natives to stop
  hunger and cope with harsh existence.

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Ancient Civilizations

• 1500 B.C. The Ebers Papyrus, a 65 ft. Egyptian
  scroll contains over 800 prescriptions including
  wasp stings, baldness, constipation, headache,
  inflammations and nearly all known types of heart
  disease.
• Ingredients used castor oil, opium, hemp

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Greek Civilization

• Greeks definition of drugs as pharmkon
• Meaning both a remedy and a poison!

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Middle Ages 400-1400

• Psychedelic plants hexing herbs
• Used in religious social ceremonies datura,
  belladona, henbane, mandrake. All cause
  hallucination, intoxication, deep drugged sleep.
  Used by shamans, witches, sorcerers, priests
• Witches considered to have supernatural powers
  because they made potions creams from plants
• Distillation discovered Increased the strength
  of alcohol. Alcoholism became widespread

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Middle Ages continued

• 850 A.D. Coffee discovered
• Referred to as the Wine of Islam used
  medicinally until 14th century
• Roasting grinding produced the potent
  stimulating drink we use today
• Tea used in China Japan for social religious
  ceremonies

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Renaissance 1400-1700

• 1492- Botanical richness of the Americas
• Columbus landed in Cuba discovered,herba
  nicotinan tobacco many other herbs the natives
  used for medicine
• Explorers move psychoactive drugs around the
  world tobacco, coffee, tea, kola nut, coca leaves
• Conquistadors discovered coca leaves, peyote
  other medicinal plants. Colonized Peru began to
  export around the world

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Explorers in the Americas

• 1611- Spain began to tax the exportation of
  tobacco from Cuba
• 1612 -Jamestown Virginia began to cultivate
  tobacco
• 1613- Coca plant discovered in Peru found to be
  commonly use on daily basis
• 1620- Mate plant contains as much caffeine as
  coffee beneficial Paraguay tea Illegal in
  America

11
Age of Enlightenment 1700-1900

• 1700- Dover powder, 20 opium, sold in drug
  stores like aspirin sodium bicarbonate
• Laudanum combination of opium wine
• Commonly drank by upper class for aliments
  socially
• 1710- London Gin Epidemic alcoholism mortality
  
• 1742- England began to tax regulate America
  began to distill rum whiskey

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Age of Enlightenment 1700-1900

• Tobacco, rum hemp sold to England to finance
  American Revolutionary War
• 1804- Discovered how to refine opium into
  morphine, which became a stronger more effective
  pain reliever
• US Civil War many overdoses, addiction, death due
  to morphine addiction

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Age of Moral Reformers

• Puritan reaction to mass of immigrants growth
  of large cities
• Different drugs identified with groups by social
  class, religious belief or race
• Chinese spread of opium addiction
• Cocaine sexual crimes by blacks
• Marijuana use spread by Mexicans
• Alcohol abuse of the Jew Irish

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Temperance Groups

• 1869 - Prohibition Party of the United States
• 1873 - Society for the Suppression of Vice
• Womens Christian Temperance
  Union
• 1895 - Anti-Saloon League
• Goal to have America clean of drunkenness,
  gambling and fornication

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Prohibition the Temperance Movement 1900-1940

• 1909- Opium Exclusion Act Congress banned
  importation of opium if not for medical use
• Medical community began to prescribe of all
  kinds of ailments
• 1914- Harrison Narcotic Act Controlled the use
  of opium cocaine. 80,000 Doctors pharmacist
  went to prison The beginning of illicit drug
  trade began

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Prohibition

• 1917 - 18th Amendment Prohibition Began
• 1919 -Volstead Act All alcohol made illegal.
• Illegal trade prospered. Noble Experiment
• 1933 Law Repealed It produced injustice,
  hypocrisy, criminalization of a large segments of
  society creation of organized crime
• 1937-Marijuana Tax Act Banned the use growing
  of cannabis sativa.

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Modern Discoveries

• 1928-Penicillin discovered in mold by Alexander
  Fleming
• 1940- Streptomycin discovered by Selman Waksman
• Physicians were able to control bacteria carried
  infectious diseases through giving antibiotic
  drugs

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Modern Discoveries Trends

• 1950s-Therapeutic drugs discovered, helped
  relieve symptoms of depression schizophrenia-
  Thorazine reduced hallucinations, agitation
  confusion
• Many social changes
• Cigarette smoking two martini lunches,
  observed in movies portrayed as sexy, chic
  acceptable

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Political Unrest

• 1960 - Death of the American Dream
• 1963 President Kennedy Shot
• 1968 - Martin Luther King Jr. Robert Kennedy
  shot
• 1964 - Vietnam War
• Disillusioned youth begin searching for new
  answers Defiance against the establishment
• Experimentation with drugs rebellion

20
Modern Discoveries

• 1970s-New branch of science established
• Neuroscience to research understand the
  relationship between the brain and human behavior
• Identification of the receptors in the brain that
  are tailored specifically for drugs taken into
  the body

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Policy Changes Trends

• 1971- US Declares War on Drugs
• Now not just heroin or cocaine but also designer
  drugs and alcohol
• Misuse of prescription drugs
• Steroids
• Inhalants
• Nicotine

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Popular Trends

• 1980s Cocaine becomes the new drug of choice
  The media symbol for youth changed from hippies
  to yuppies
• Political climate becomes more conservative,
  celebrities, sports figures die from overdoses
• 1985 Crack appears cheaper more addictive

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Evolution of Designer Drugs

• 1985- Ecstasy classified as a Schedule I Drug
• 1990s Ecstasy use became very popular
• Currently being manufactured in clandestine labs
  along with GHB, Ketamine or Special K, Rohypnol,
  Fentanyl, Crank, MDA, STP, PCP,

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Current Problems

• Prescription Abuse
• Elderly
• Medical Profession
• Homemakers
• Celebrities
• Youth

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Current Trends

• Alcohol 1 Popular Choice
• Marijuana
• Cocaine
• Methamphetamine
• Ecstasy
• GHB
• OxyContin
• Always will be a new drug on the scene!!!!!