The Renaissance

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The Renaissance

• 1450-1600

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Culture People

• Renaissance New Birth/Re-Birth
• 1450-1600
• Began in Florance , Italy and quickly spread
  through the rest of Europe.

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Culture People

• The Renaissance was an era of Exploration.
• The development of the compass made possible
  voyages to far, new lands.
• The European explores were in search of a new
  trade route to China and the Indies.
• This search led to a few of them accidentally
  running into North and South America.

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Culture People
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Culture People

• During the Renaissance, Europe began to question
  the church.
• Europe went from a very religious society to a
  more secular one.
• Scientific inquiry and reason allowed people to
  solve their own problems rather than rely of God
  alone.
• As people asked more question there was a rise in
  philosophical developments.

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Culture People

• One important philosopher of the period was
  Nicolas Copernicus.
• His model of the universe was heliocentric rather
  than geocentric.
• This didnt set well with the church.

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Culture People

• Copernican Model of the Universe

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Culture People

• The visual art of the Renaissance also
  experienced reform.
• Medieval painting presented life through
  symbolism whereas the Renaissance preferred
  Realism.
• Renaissance painters discovered landscape,
  created the illusion of distance, and focused on
  the physical loveliness of the world around them.

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Culture People

• Medieval Art compared to Renaissance Art

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Culture People

• Because the Renaissance began in Italy, many of
  the artistic contributions also originate there.
  
• Donatello (1386 - 1466)
• Boy

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Culture People

• Botticelli (1444 1510)
• Rites of Spring

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Culture People

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519)
• Last Supper

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Culture People

• Michelangelo (1475 1564)
• The Creation of Adam

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Culture People

• Raphael (1483 1520)
• Madonna and Child

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Culture People

• A few other important people
• Martin Luther (1483 1546)
• A German Monk
• The father of Protestantism
• Author of the 95 Theses
• First to translate the bible into
• vernacular form

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Culture People

• William Shakespeare (1564 1616)
• English Playwright and Poet
• Widely regarded as the greatest writer in the
  English language.
• Globe Theatre
• Known for his famous tragedies
• Romeo and Juliet
• Hamlet
• Macbeth

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Culture People

• Elizabeth Tudor (1533 1603)
• (Elizabeth I Queen of England)
• Daughter of Henry VIII
• Protestant, Not Catholic
• Never married
• known as (Virgin Queen)
• Under Elizabeth, England
• came to be the most
• powerful nation in the world.

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Take a Break
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Musicians and Musical Style

• Musicians of the 15th and 16th centuries were
  supported by the chief institutions of their
  society.
• The Church
• The State
• The Aristocracy
• (Royalty and Upper Class)

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Musicians and Musical Style

• Musicians could find employment as
• Choirmasters
• Singers
• Organists
• Instrumentalists
• Copyists
• Composers
• Teachers
• Instrument builders
• Music Printers and Publishers

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Musicians and Musical Style

• Music was considered both an art and a trade.
• You would become a professional musician while
  studying and working as an apprentice.
• There were very few professional musicians that
  were women, but there were some, and most were
  singers.

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Musicians and Musical Style

• The Renaissance also saw a rise in armature
  musicians.
• This was brought about by a system for printing
  music in the early 16th century.
• Printed music books became available and
  affordable.
• This led to great music publishing houses in
  Venice, Paris, and Antwerp resulting in
  wide-spread music literacy.

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Musicians and Musical Style

• Early Music Printing

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Musicians and Musical Style

• The Psalterium is the first known printed book of
  music.
• The book was printed by Johann Fust and Peter
  Schoffer, Gutenberg's associates.
• Only the text and 3 black lines of the staff were
  printed. The fourth and fifth lines were drawn
  in by hand, as were the notes.
• This was a book of church psalms.

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Musicians and Musical Style
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Musicians and Musical Style
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Musicians and Musical Style

• The vocal forms of the Renaissance were marked by
  smoothly gliding melodies conceived for the
  voice.
• In fact, the 16th century has come to be regarded
  as the Golden Age of the
• a cappella style
• a cappella is a vocal work without instrumental
  accompaniment.

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Musicians and Musical Style

• Polyphony in a cappella music was based on a
  principle called Continuous Imitation.
• With imitation, voices imitate one another so
  that the same theme that is heard in the soprano
  line, is also later heard in the alto line.

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Musicians and Musical Style

• Sicut Cervus
• Composer Giovanni de Palestrina
• (1525 1594)
• Genre Motet
• Period Renaissance

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To Be Continued
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Musicians and Musical Style

• Though visual art of the Renaissance has its
  roots in Italy. Music of the era has its roots
  in Burgundy.
• Burgundy is present-day Belgium
• The composers from Burgundy made up the
  Burgundian, or Franco-Flemish School.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• The most popular of these composers was Josquin
  des Prez.
• (1450 1520)
• Specialized in the
• Motet.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• In the Renaissance, the motet was used in the
  Mass and other religious services.
• Motets in praise of the Virgin Mary were
  extremely popular.
• Josquin mastered the technique of writing motets
  in the Renaissance.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• Josquin eventually left Burgundy and went to
  Italy.
• A number of composers of the era did this because
  Italy was the Hot Spot for employment if you
  were an artist.
• Josquin would compose over 100 motets, 17 masses,
  and numerous secular pieces.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• Ave Mariavirgo serena
• (Hail Mary, gentle virgin)
• Composer Josquin des Prez
• Genre 4 part motet
• Period Renaissance (1480)

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• With the rise of Renaissance polyphony, composers
  concentrated their musical settings on the
  Ordinary of the Mass.
• 5 settings of the Ordinary
• Kyrie
• Gloria
• Credo
• Sanctus
• Agnus Dei

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• Today these settings are sung in the vernacular.
  
• Kyrie Lord have mercy
• Gloria Glory be to God on High
• Credo I believe in one God
• Sanctus Holy, Holy, HolyHosanna
• Agnus Dei Lamb of God who takes away the sin of
  the world, have mercy on us.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• Early Renaissance settings of the mass was based
  on Gregorian Chant.
• This became known as Cantus Firmus
• Cantus Firmus is a fixed melody line, thus the
  cantus firmus served as the foundation of the
  work.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• By the time of Josquins death, Europe was
  experiencing major reform.
• After Martin Luthers protestant revolt, the
  Catholic Church responded with a reform of its
  own.
• It focused on a return to true Christian Piety.
• This reform extended from the 1530s to the end
  of the 16th Century up to the Council of Trent.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• The Council of Trent was a big meeting/convention
  to regulate every aspect of religious discipline.
  
• At the meeting, music was a hot topic.
• The attending cardinals were concerned about
  corruption of traditional chant by singers, who
  added extravagant embellishments to the Gregorian
  melodies.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• The council members objected to the use of
  certain instruments in religious services.
• They objected the practice of incorporating
  popular songs in Masses.
• They objected to the secular spirit that had
  invaded sacred music.
• They objected the irrelevant attitude of church
  musicians.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• There was one composer of the period who went
  along with the church and composed a Mass that
  exuded the councils demands.
• Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.
• (1525-1594)
• Worked as a choirmaster and organist in various
  churches including St. Peters in Rome.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• Palestrina wrote over 100 Masses, of which the
  most famous is the Mass for Pope Marcellus,
  successor to Julius III.
• This Mass was written to satisfy the strict new
  demands placed on polyphonic church music at the
  Council of Trent.

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Renaissance Sacred Music

• Gloria from the Pope Marcellus Mass
• Composer Palestrina
• Genre Mass
• Period Renaissance (1567)

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• Secular Music of the Renaissance
• 1450 - 1600

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Music in Court and City Life
• Both professionals and amateurs took part in
  music making.
• Professionals were paid to entertain nobles and
  VIP guests at court.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Most prosperous homes had a lute or a keyboard
  instrument.
• The study of music was considered to be part of a
  proper upbringing.
• This was more so the case for girls than young
  boys.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Women as Professional Musicians
• During the later 16th century a small number of
  women singers began to become semi-famous.
• This was only Italy.
• THEY WERE NOT COMPOSERS

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Renaissance Secular Music

• The two major secular vocal genres of the
  Renaissance
• The Chanson
• The Madrigal

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Renaissance Secular Music

• In the 15th century, the chanson was the favored
  genre at the courts in France and Burgundy.
• Chansons in French literally means song.
• They were often written for 3 or 4 voices.
• Chansons were set to popular French poems (love
  poems)

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Mille regretz
• (A thousand regrets)
• Composer Josquin
• Genre Chanson
• Period Renaissance

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Mille regretz
• (A thousand regrets)
• 'A thousand regrets for deserting you
• and leaving behind your loving face,
• I feel so much sadness
• and such painful distress,
• that it seems to me
• my days will soon dwindle away.'

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Renaissance Secular Music

• The chanson continued to be a favorite secular
  form throughout the 16th century.
• Composers most known for working with the genre
  were
• Machaut (1300-1377) wrote some of the first
  chansons
• Josquin (1450 1521)
• Roland de Lassus

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Renaissance Secular Music

• The Italian Madrigal
• In the madrigal, Renaissance composers found one
  of their chief forms of secular music.
• The 16th century madrigal was an aristocratic
  form of poetry and music that flourished in the
  Italian Courts.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• The text consisted of a short poem of lyric or
  reflective character often including very
  emotional words such as
• Weeping
• Sighing
• Trembling
• Dying
• (In Italian of course)

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Love and unsatisfied desire were popular topics
  of the madrigal but by no means the only ones.
• Composers were also given a chance to make fun of
  nobility with humorous and satirical madrigals,
  with political themes and scenes of Renaissance
  Culture.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Instruments participated in the performance of
  madrigals, often duplicating or even substituting
  for the voices.
• Sometimes only the top part was sung while the
  other parts were played on instruments.
• Composers were taking their own liberties with
  the form and how these madrigals were performed.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• There are two types of madrigals
• Italian Madrigal
• English Madrigal

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Within the Italian madrigal there were three
  phases
• The first phase (1525 1550) The composers
  chief concern was to give pleasure to the
  performers.
• The middle phase (1550 1580) The madrigal
  became a highly respected art form in which words
  and music were clearly linked.
• The final phase (1580 1620) The madrigal
  became the direct expression of the composers
  personality and feelings.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• The late Renaissance madrigal was mastered by
  Claudio Monteverdi.
• (1567 1643)
• Monteverdi published 9 books of madrigals that
  span from the Renaissance to the Baroque styles.
• In his life he would write
• over 200 madrigals.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Monteverdi was a rock star in his day.
• He would compose music for some of the most
  famous people of the time.
• Royalty from all over wanted him to compose music
  for their courts.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Baci soavi e cari
• From the First Book of Madrigals
• Composer Monteverdi
• Genre Italian Madrigal
• Period Renaissance (1587)

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Renaissance Secular Music

• In England, the madrigal was also a very popular
  secular genre.
• The madrigal in England flourished during the
  Elizabethan Age.
• Period during the reign of Elizabeth I (1588
  1603) and James I (1603 1625)

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Englands first collection of madrigals were
  Italian madrigals that were translated to
  English.
• This book of madrigals was entitled Musica
  Trasalpina
• After this book was published Englands composers
  began to write their own.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• There were some significant differences in the
  English madrigal
• English composers preferred simple texts
• English madrigals were for the most part, more up
  beat with quicker tempos.
• Some English madrigals were humorous, risqué for
  the time, and satirical in nature.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• There were many composers during the Elizabethan
  age that were writing madrigals in England.
• One of those was John Farmer.
• (1591-1601)
• He was an organist and choirmaster at Christ
  Church.
• Farmer moved to London in 1599 and published his
  only collection of 4-part madrigals.

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Renaissance Secular Music

• Fair Phyllis
• Composer John Farmer
• Genre English Madrigal
• Period Renaissance (1599)