Slug Mold Dictyostelium

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Slug Mold (Dictyostelium)
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• Ediacaran
• 600 MYA
• Earliest multicellular soft-bodied organisms
• Ediacara Hills, Australia

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500 MYA Cambrian World
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Mollusca
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Colossal Squid largest specimen 33 ft long,
1,089 lb, caught on Feb. 22, 2007
Sucker marks on sperm whale skin
Giant Squid largest specimen 60 ft (18m) long,
may get up to 100-170 ft
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
Tick Ixodes
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Insecta
German cockroach
Dragonfly
Oriental cockroach
Termites and termite mound
American cockroach
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Echinodermata
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Agnatha (jawless fish) fossil
ostracoderms modern lampreys and hagfish
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• Fish characteristics
• Gills Largest fish whale shark, 18 m long
• Vertebral column Largest white shark 6-7 m
• Single-loop blood circulation

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PlacodermsDunkleosteus9 m long
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Latimeria, the coelacanth (lobe-finned fishes)

• living fossil
• group appeared in Devonian 400 MYA
• notochord
• deep water

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Tiktaalik roseae
rhipidistian fish
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Ichthyostega Acanthostega
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Anura (Salientia)
Apoda
Caudata
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Kronosaurus (pliosaur)
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Tuatara (Sphenodon)
Iguana (lizard)
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Coelurosauravis, early gliding lepidosaur
Draco, modern gliding lizard
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Lizards
Basilisk running on water
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Megalania a giant monitor lizard from
Australia, 7 m long Komodo dragon
largest living varanid, 3 m long
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Mosasaurs (Cretaceous marine lizards)
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Snakes
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Limb loss in snakes

• Limb remnants observed in snake fossils
• E.g., Haasophis terrasanctis, Cretaceous (95
  mybp) snake from Middle East

Hindlimb
Developmental genetic studies Limb loss and
trunk elongation share common developmental
mechanism
Python embryo
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rhynchosaur, Triassic herbivorous archosaur
Longisquama
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Saltwater crocodiles
Alligator
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Sarcosuchus Deinosuchus
Metriorhynchus, Cretaceous marine crocodile
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Pterosaurs
Quetzalcoatlus
36 wing span
Feathered serpent god of the Aztecs
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• Rhamphorhynchoids (early pterosaurs)
• long tail
• short neck
• toothed beak

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• Pterodactyloids
• very short tail
• few or no teeth
• long neck

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Pterosaurs
Tapejara
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(reduction to 4 toes)
All herbivores
Mostly predators
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Lagosuchus dinosauromorph Stegosauria
(Ornithischia)
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Pachycephalosaurus Ankylosauria
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Ornithopoda (Ornithischia)
Hadrosaurs (duck-billed dinosaurs)
Iguanodon, early ornithopod
Ouranosaurus Parasaurolophus
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Ceratopsia (Ornithischia)
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Plateosaurus (Prosauropoda) Frontlimb of
Ultrasaurus (Sauropoda)
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Theropoda
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Theropoda
therizinosaurs
Galimimus (ornithomimid) Oviraptor
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Spinosaurus
Theropoda
Baryonyx
Velociraptor
Caudipteryx
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The Dinosauroid
Troodon (Theropoda)
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Reptiles
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Some feathered dinosaur reconstructions
Sinosauropteryx
Falcarius
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Sinornithosaurus
juvenile
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Microraptor
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Caudipteryx
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Archaeopteryx
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Hesperornis (Cretaceous toothed diving bird)
Rahonavis, sickle-claw Cretaceous bird
Ichthyornis (Cretaceous toothed tern-like bird)
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Skull mobility in birds
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Flightless predatory South American birds
(Phororhacoidea )

• Diversified in isolated South America during Late
  Cenozoic
• Became dominant terrestrial carnivores,
  supplanting mammals
• Moved into North America across Panamanian land
  bridge (2 MYA)
• All went extinct 10,000 years ago

Titanis
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Gastornis Titanis
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Paleognaths
Moa (extinct)
Kiwi
Rhea
Ostrich Aepyornis (elephant bird, extinct)
Emu
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Argentavis, extinct (7 m wingspan, largest bird)
Presbyornis (early goose)
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Dimetrodon (Pelycosauria)
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Thrinaxodon (Cynodontia) Docodont
Sinoconodon Diprotodon
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Primitive Triassic triconodont
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Monotremes echidna (spiny anteater)
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Monotremes platypus
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Marsupials kangaroos
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Marsupials
Bandicoot
Glider possum
Koala
Tasmanian devil
Marsupial mole
Wombat
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Placentals
White sloth
Tamandua
Snowshoe hare
Ground squirrel
Bat
Polar bears
Orca
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Mesohippus (early horse)
Mesonyx (carnivorous ungulate)
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Pakicetus (early whale, Eocene)
Mesonyx (carnivorous ungulate, Eocene)
Indricotherium, largest mammal
Icaronycteris (early bat, Eocene)
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Therian radiation during the Cretaceous
Marsupials originated in South America.
Placentals originated in Asia.
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Modification of the cleidoic egg in placental
mammals
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