Title: English 10 Grammar and Mechanics
1English 10 Grammar and Mechanics
2Directions
- On Tuesdays, you need to write down the examples,
definitions, and rules that correspond with the
weeks grammar focus. - On Thursdays, you need to complete the activity
using the grammar focus definitions and rules.
3Week One Words Often Confused whose, whos
- Whose
- Possessive form of who
- Whose book is this?
- Whose shoes are these?
- It doesnt really matter whose fault it is.
- Whos
- Contraction of who is or who has
- Whos there?
- Whos been coaching them?
- I dont know whos taller?
4Week One Words Often Confused whose, whos
- (Whose, Whos) going to use that ticket now?
- I am concerned about (whose, whos) paper was
submitted without a name. - Do you know (whose, whos) responsible for
leaving such a mess? - (Whose, Whos) the new student in P.E. class?
5Week One Words Often Confused whose, whos
- (Whose, Whos) going to use that ticket now?
- I am concerned about (whose, whos) paper was
submitted without a name. - Do you know (whose, whos) responsible for
leaving such a mess? - (Whose, Whos) the new student in P.E. class?
6Week Two Words Often Confused weather, whether
- Weather
- Noun that conditions outdoors
- As the meteorologist predicted, the weather has
been perfect all week. - Presence of dark clouds are usually a sign of
ominous weather to come. - The arctic is known for extremely cold weather.
- Whether
- Indicates alternative or doubt
- They dont know whether or not they will go to
the concert next weekend. - I have not decided whether to wear jeans or
shorts. - I plan on going to the movies whether my best
friends want to or not.
7Week TwoWords Often Confused weather, whether
- (Weather, Whether) or not it rains, we will be
there. - Dont you agree that this is fine (weather,
whether) for a softball game? - This is a hard time for teens to grow up in
America (weather, whether) or not they have a
friend or family member enlisted in the military. - I prefer warmer (weather, whether) to cooler.
8Week TwoWords Often Confused weather, whether
- (Weather, Whether) or not it rains, we will be
there. - Dont you agree that this is fine (weather,
whether) for a softball game? - This is a hard time for teens to grow up in
America (weather, whether) or not they have a
friend or family member enlisted in the military. - I prefer warmer (weather, whether) to cooler.
9Week ThreeWords Often Confused to, two, too
- Two
- Adjective- the sum of one one noun- number
between one and three - She will graduate in two years.
- Two of my friends and I purchased concert
tickets. - I own two dogs.
- To
- Preposition also
- part of the
- infinitive
- form of a verb
- Please return these
- books to the library.
- He began to whistle.
- I could see that the
- little girl wanted to
- cry.
- Too
- Adverb- also more than enough
- The young man is a musician and an athlete, too.
- Some may believe you are too young to drive.
- I too would like a serving of ice cream.
10Week Three Words Often Confused to, two, too
- There was (to, two, too) much traffic on the
interstate for us to enjoy the drive. - The bell rang and I hurried (to, two, too) class
to avoid being late. - You, (to, two, too) can be a better writer if you
are willing to try. - I decided (to, two, too) buy (to, two, too) new
pairs of shoes over the weekend.
11Week Three Words Often Confused to, two, too
- There was (to, two, too) much traffic on the
interstate for us to enjoy the drive. - My boyfriend did not believe me, but I did not go
(to, two, too) the movies with another boy. - You, (to, two, too) can be a better writer if you
are willing to try. - I decided (to, two, too) buy (to, two, too) new
pairs of shoes over the weekend.
12Week Four Words Often Confused REVIEW
- I just couldnt make up my mind (weather,
whether) to go to the beach or a BBQ this
weekend. - I have always wanted (to, two, too) visit the
large cities in Europe. - (Whose, Whos) going to use that ticket now?
- My Mom recently accused me of being (to, two,
too) hard on my little brother). - (Whose, Whos) picture is hanging on the
refrigerator? - The cloud free sky this morning seemed promising
of favorable (weather, whether).
13Week Four Words Often Confused REVIEW
- I just couldnt make up my mind (weather,
whether) to go to the beach or a BBQ this
weekend. - I have always wanted (to, two, too) visit the
large cities in Europe. - (Whose, Whos) going to use that ticket now?
- My Mom recently accused me of being (to, two,
too) hard on my little brother). - (Whose, Whos) picture is hanging on the
refrigerator? - The cloud free sky this morning seemed promising
of favorable (weather, whether).
14Week Four Words Often Confused REVIEW
- Write sentences using all seven words often
confused and at least 3 words of the week from
the past three weeks. You may combine the
sentences, tell a story, or write individual
sentences. - Whose, Whos
- Weather, Whether
- To, Two, Too
15Week FivePunctuation commas- items in a series
- Use commas to separate items in a series.
- The camp counselor distributed baseballs, bats,
volleyballs, tennis rackets, and bandages. - We have a government of the people, by the
people, and for the people. - I know I will pass the test if I take good notes,
if I study hard, and if I get a good nights
sleep.
- Use commas to separate two or more adjectives
preceding a noun. - Ive had a long, hectic, tiring day.
- For lunch we had smooth, creamy broccoli soup.
- I would like to save for a shiny, new, red car.
16Week FivePunctuation commas- items in a series
- Correct the following sentences by adding
commas where they are needed. - I took a flashlight a sleeping bag extra tennis
shoes a rod and reel and a parka on our camping
trip. - With a quick powerful leap, the stunt double
bounded over the burning balcony. - We looked in the sink on the floor and on Kims
clothing for her missing contact lens. - The river overflowed again and filled our
basement and drenched our neighbors carpet.
17Week FivePunctuation commas- items in a series
- Correct the following sentences by adding
commas where they are needed. - I took a flashlight, a sleeping bag, extra tennis
shoes, a rod and reel, and a parka on our camping
trip. - With a quick, powerful leap, the stunt double
bounded over the burning balcony. - We looked in the sink, on the floor, and on Kims
clothing for her missing contact lens. - The river overflowed again and filled our
basement and drenched our neighbors carpet.
18Week SixCommas- independent clauses, and
nonessential clauses and phrases
- Independent Clauses
- Use a comma before and, but, for, nor, or, so, or
yet when the conjunction joins independent
clauses. - Patrick brought the sandwiches, and Cindy brought
the potato salad. - We got there on time, but Jeff and Maria were
late. - He was apprehensive, yet he was also excited.
- The bears failed to catch any salmon, so they
went away.
- Nonessential Clauses and Phrases
- Use commas to set off nonessential subordinate
clauses and nonessential participial phrases. - Emilia Ortiz, who lives across the street from
me, won a scholarship to Stanford University. - The capital of Massachusetts is Boston, which is
sometimes called the Athens of America. - Born in Detroit, Robert Hayden was educated at
the University of Michigan and later became a
distinguished professor there.
19Week SixCommas- independent clauses, and
nonessential clauses and phrases
- Correct the following sentences by adding
commas where they are needed. - She did not like the story in the science fiction
magazine nor did she enjoy the illustrations. - Saunders who lived in Memphis, Tennessee named
his stores Piggly Wiggly. - Noticing that people often had difficulty finding
products Albert Gerrard opened his own grocery
store. - The movie review complimented all the performers
but the leading actress received the strongest
praise. - Developed by Michael Cullen the model for todays
huge supermarkets opened in an abandoned garage
in New York in 1930.
20Week SixCommas- independent clauses, and
nonessential clauses and phrases
- Correct the following sentences by adding
commas where they are needed. - She did not like the story in the science fiction
magazine, nor did she enjoy the illustrations. - Saunders, who lived in Memphis, Tennessee, named
his stores Piggly Wiggly. - Noticing that people often had difficulty finding
products, Albert Gerrard opened his own grocery
store. - The movie review complimented all the performers,
but the leading actress received the strongest
praise. - Developed by Michael Cullen, the model for
todays huge supermarkets opened in an abandoned
garage in New York in 1930.
21Week SevenCommas introductory elements and
interrupters
- Use commas after certain introductory elements
such as well, oh, why, yes, or no at the
beginning of a sentence. - Sure, Ill go with you.
- Oh, look at that car!
- No, I havent taken the exam yet.
- Use a comma after an introductory participle or
participial phrase. - Shivering, the couple hurried into the warm lobby
of the movie theater. - Calling for a timeout, the referee blew his
whistle and signaled.
- Use commas to set off an expression that
interrupts a sentence. - A senator from Kansas, Nancy Landon Kassebaum,
was the principal speaker. - Do you know him, the boy wearing the blue shirt?
- Have you read At Home in India, a book by Cynthia
Bowles?
22Week SevenCommas introductory elements and
interrupters
- Correct the following sentences by adding
commas where they are needed. - Yes for many people around the world, meat is not
a daily food staple. - Since many cookbooks now include recipes for
grain dishes you can learn to use grains in many
tasty snacks and meals. - Between 1500 and 1506, Leonardo da Vinci a
brilliant man created several major works. - My favorite painting Mona Lisa was painted then.
23Week SevenCommas introductory elements and
interrupters
- Correct the following sentences by adding commas
where they are needed. - Yes, for many people around the world, meat is
not a daily food staple. - Since many cookbooks now include recipes for
grain dishes, you can learn to use grains in many
tasty snacks and meals. - Between 1500 and 1506, Leonardo da Vinci, a
brilliant man, created several major works. - My favorite painting, Mona Lisa, was painted then.
24Week EightApostrophe possessives and
contractions
- To form the possessive of most singular nouns,
add an apostrophe and an s. - Barbaras house
- A weeks salary
- One boys uniform
- That stereos speaker
- To form the possessive case of a plural noun
ending in s, add only the apostrophe. - Cats owners
- Coaches records
- Cities problems
- Princesses duties
- Use an apostrophe to show where letters, words,
or numerals have been omitted in a contraction. - Who iswhos
- There isthere's
- Could havecouldve
- Of the clockoclock
- Let uslets
- I wouldId
- She will shell
- I amIm
- You areyoure
- We hadwed
- She hasshes
- Lisa isLisas
- They aretheyre
25Week EightApostrophe possessives and
contractions
- Place apostrophes where necessary in the
following sentences. - I shared my mom and dads exasperation when, once
again I a whole weeks allowance on disappointing
pictures. I had borrowed Uncle Freds expensive
camera, but even with the cameras extra features,
my photographs looked like childrens smudged
finger paintings. I had hoped at least my pets
pictures would come out. - Correct the following sentences by placing
apostrophes where necessary. - Whos going to be at Leon and Joshs party?
- Lets hide and see whether theyll look for us.
- I cant find the calamata olives and the feta
cheese for the Greek salad. - Is the doctors appointment at nine oclock?
26Week EightApostrophe possessives and
contractions
- Place apostrophes where necessary in the
following sentences. - I shared my mom and dads exasperation when, once
again I a whole weeks allowance on disappointing
pictures. I had borrowed Uncle Fred's expensive
camera, but even with the cameras extra
features, my photographs looked like childrens
smudged finger paintings. I had hoped at least
my pets pictures would come out. - Correct the following sentences by placing
apostrophes where necessary. - Whos going to be at Leon and Joshs party?
- Lets hide and see whether theyll look for us.
- I cant find the calamata olives and the feta
cheese for the Greek salad. - Is the doctors appointment at nine oclock?
27Week NineSemicolons
- Use a semicolon between independent clauses that
are closely related in thought and that are not
joined by and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet. - Everyone else in my family excels in a particular
sport I seem to be the only exception. - The river is rising rapidly it is expected to
crest by noon. - Use Semicolons between items in a series if the
items contain commas. - In 2000, the three largest metropolitan areas in
the United States were New York, New York Los
Angeles, California and Chicago Illinois. - You may turn in your book reports on Thursday,
September 14 Friday, September 15 or Monday,
September 18.
- Use a semicolon between independent clauses
joined by a conjunctive adverb or a transitional
expression. - Lenor is planning to become an engineer however,
she is also interested in graphic design. - Only two people registered for the pottery
lessons as a result, the class was canceled. - Ralph Ellison is best known for his 1952 novel,
Invisible Man he also, however, wrote short
stories and essays. - Not all birds migrate south for the winter
cardinals, for instance, can stay in northern
climates year round.
28Week NineSemicolons
- Correct the following sentences by adding commas
and semicolons where necessary. - Would you prefer to live in Boston, Massachusetts
San Francisco, California or Seattle, Washington? - The carvings come from the Oaxaca Valley in fact
90 percent of the two hundred families who made
them live in just three villages. - Carving has been a tradition among Oaxacans for
hundreds of years only recently however have the
artists sold their works outside the valley. - Even those carvers whose works have won worldwide
acclaim have chosen to continue living in the
valley their ties to their families and
communities are very strong.
29Week NineSemicolons
- Correct the following sentences by adding
commas and semicolons where necessary. - Would you prefer to live in Boston,
Massachusetts San Francisco, California or
Seattle, Washington? - The carvings come from the Oaxaca Valley in
fact, 90 percent of the two hundred families who
made them live in just three villages. - Carving has been a tradition among Oaxacans for
hundreds of years only recently, however, have
the artists sold their works outside the valley. - Even those carvers whose works have won worldwide
acclaim have chosen to continue living in the
valley their ties to their families and
communities are very strong.
30Week TenColons
- Use a colon to mean note what follows, before a
list of items, especially after expressions such
as the following, and as follows, and before a
long, formal statement or quotation. - In Washington D.C., we visited four important
national sites the White House, the Washington
Monument, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and the
Lincoln Memorial. - The only tools that are allowed are as follows
pencils, compasses, rulers, and protractor. - Thomas Paine's first pamphlet in the series The
American Crisis starts with the famous words - These are the times that try
- mens souls. The summer
- soldier and the sunshine patriot
- will, in this crisis shrink from the
- service of this country but he that
- stands it now deserves the love
- and thanks of man and woman.
- Use a colon before a statement that explains or
clarifies a preceding statement and in certain
conventional situations (between the hour and the
minute, between a title and subtitle, and after
the salutation of a business letter). - He deserves a raise He completed the project on
schedule and under budget. - Preston slapped his forehead He had forgotten to
put oregano in the sauce. - I need to wake up at 445 tomorrow morning.
- My favorite painting is named Tilting Knights
King Richard and Saladin. - Dear Mr. Bill Gates
-
- I am writing to request you review the business
proposal included in the following pages.. - Sincerely,
- John Doe
31Week TenSemicolons vs. Colons
- Correct the following sentences by placing
semicolons or colons where necessary. - Lupe was going to title her essay Mary Had a
Little Lamb The Social and Personal Benefits of
Pet Ownership. - I made a list so that I would remember everything
we needed toothpaste, milk, wax paper, and cat
food. - The entrance exam was finished however, I would
remain nervous until the results came back. - The three-person teams will be as follows Takara,
Lani, and Nick and Jessica, Vince, and Tyrone. - Jeremy had this Mark Twain quote taped to his
folder Man is the only animal that blushes. Or
needs to. - Anne thought she had all the homework she could
handle on the other hand, she still had two more
classes in the afternoon.
32Week TenColons
- Correct the following sentences by placing
semicolons or colons where necessary. - Lupe was going to title her essay Mary Had a
Little Lamb The Social and Personal Benefits of
Pet Ownership. - I made a list so that I would remember everything
we needed toothpaste, milk, wax paper, and cat
food. - The entrance exam was finished however, I would
remain nervous until the results came back. - The three-person teams will be as follows
Takara, Lani, and Nick and Jessica, Vince, and
Tyrone. - Jeremy had this Mark Twain quote taped to his
folder Man is the only animal that blushes. Or
needs to. - Anne thought she had all the homework she could
handle on the other hand, she still had two more
classes in the afternoon.
33Week Eleven Clauses
- A clause is a word group that contains a verb and
its subject and that is used as a sentence or as
a part of a sentence. - An independent (or main) clause expresses a
complete thought and can stand by itself as a
sentence. - s v
- The outsiders missed easy fly balls.
- s v
- The outfielders missed easy fly
- s
- balls, and the infielders were
- v
- throwing wildly.
- s v
- The outfielders missed easy fly balls the
- s v
- infielders were throwing wildly.
- A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not
express a complete thought and cannot stand alone
as a sentence. - whom we spoke to yesterday
- because no students have applied for them
- The thought expressed by a subordinate clause
becomes part of a complete thought when the
clause is combined with an independent clause. - The woman whom we spoke to yesterday told us
about sources of financial aid for college
applicants. - Some scholarships are still available because no
students have applied for them.
34Week ElevenClauses
- Read the following sentences. Then, identify
each italicized clause as independent (highlight)
or subordinate (underline). - Whenever I think of Barbara Jordan, I imagine her
as she looks in a picture taken at my mothers
graduation in 1986. - According to my mother, Jordan spoke elegantly
about the important values in our society. - Of course, her choice of subject matter surprised
no one since Jordan had long been known as an
important ethical force in American politics. - When Jordan began her public service career in
1966, she became the first African American woman
to serve in the Texas legislature.
35Week Eleven Clauses
- Read the following sentences. Then, identify
each italicized clause as independent (highlight)
or subordinate (underline). - Whenever I think of Barbara Jordan, I imagine her
as she looks in a picture taken at my mothers
graduation in 1986. (s) - According to my mother, Jordan spoke elegantly
about the important values in our society. (i) - Of course, her choice of subject matter surprised
no one since Jordan had long been known as an
important ethical force in American politics. (i) - When Jordan began her public service career in
1966, she became the first African American woman
to serve in the Texas legislature. (s)
36Week TwelveCompound vs. Complex Clauses
- A simple sentence contains one independent clause
and no subordinate clauses. - s s v
- Cora and Kareem bought party
- supplies at the mall.
- s v
- To pass the time, they talked about
- v
- school and told stories about their
- families.
- A compound sentence contains two or more
independent clauses and no subordinate clauses. - s v
- Cora hung colorful streamers from the ceiling,
- s v
- and Kareem set party favors on the tables.
- s v s
- After an hour, they took a short break then they
- v
- A complex sentence contains one independent
clause and at least one subordinate clause. - s v s
- When they had finished their work, they
- v
- complimented each other on the results.
- A compound-complex sentence contains two or more
independent clauses and at least one subordinate
clause. - s v
- Cora waited for just the right moment to ask
-
s - Kareem to the banquet, and he promptly
- v
s - accepted her invitation, adding that he had
- v
- been planning to ask her.
37Week TwelveCompound vs. Complex Clauses
- Classify each of the following sentences as
simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. - Organizing the rummage sale, the Key Club
requested donations from everyone at school. - The club members accepted whatever was donated,
but they welcomed housewares most. - The principal donated a vacuum cleaner the
soccer coach contributed a set of dishes and
several of the teachers provided towel sets. - The club sold almost everything that had been
donated, and the members celebrated their
success. - Afterward, they gave all the profits that they
had made from the sale to the citys homeless
shelter. - The shelters employees were grateful for the
donations.
38Week TwelveCompound vs. Complex Clauses
- Classify each of the following sentences as
simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. - Organizing the rummage sale, the Key Club
requested donations from everyone at school.
(simple) - The club members accepted whatever was donated,
but they welcomed housewares most.
(compound-complex) - The principal donated a vacuum cleaner the
soccer coach contributed a set of dishes and
several of the teachers provided towel sets.
(compound) - The club sold almost everything that had been
donated, and the members celebrated their
success. (compound-complex) - Afterward, they gave all the profits that they
had made from the sale to the citys homeless
shelter. (complex) - The shelters employees were grateful for the
donations. (simple)
39Week Thirteen Agreement indefinite pronouns
- Singular indefinite pronouns
- Anybody, anyone, anything
- Each, either
- Everybody, everyone, everything
- Neither
- Nobody, no one, nothing, one
- Somebody, someone and something
- Other indefinite pronouns that can be singular or
plural - All
- Any
- More
- Most
- None
- Some
- Plural indefinite pronouns
- Both
- Few
- Many
- Several
40Week Thirteen Agreement indefinite pronouns
- Each of the comedians (tries, try) to outdo the
other. - Somebody on the bus (was, were) trying.
- Neither of these books (has, have) an index.
- Each of the these pieces of jewelry (has, have)
too much embellishment.
41Week Thirteen Agreement indefinite pronouns
- Each of the comedians (tries, try) to outdo the
other. - Somebody on the bus (was, were) trying.
- Neither of these books (has, have) an index.
- Each of the these pieces of jewelry (has, have)
too much embellishment.
42Week FourteenAgreement Dont and Doesnt
- doesnt
- Contraction of does not.
- Use doesnt with all singular subjects except the
pronouns I and you - One doesnt give up.
- Doesnt Donna care that people think she is
malevolent?
- dont
- Contraction of do not
- Use dont with all plural subjects and with the
pronouns I and you - Apathetic people dont care.
- Dont these immunizations prevent malaria?
43Week FourteenAgreement Dont and Doesnt
- (Doesnt, Dont) several of those in the front
window cost more than these in the fruit cart? - One of the players (doesnt, dont) plan to go.
- The international childrens chorus is so
marvelous that their new fans (doesnt, dont)
want to leave the theatre. - Just because you dont like pickles, (doesnt,
dont) mean you need to say they are malodorous.
44Week FourteenAgreement Dont and Doesnt
- (Doesnt, Dont) several of those in the front
window cost more than these in the fruit cart? - One of the players (doesnt, dont) plan to go.
- The international childrens chorus is so
marvelous that their new fans (doesnt, dont)
want to leave the theatre. - Just because you dont like pickles, (doesnt,
dont) mean you need to say they are malodorous.
45Week FifteenAgreement Collective Nouns
- When the subject follows the verb, find the
subject and make sure that the verb agrees with
it - Here is a list including protocol.
- Here are two lists including protocol
- Some nouns that are plural in form take singular
verbs - Politics is a controversial topic.
- The news of the nominee was a surprise.
46Week FifteenAgreement Collective Nouns
- The class (has, have) chosen titles for their
original plays. - First prize (was, were) two tickets to Hawaii.
- Crime and Punishment (is, are) a world famous
novel with a tormented protagonist. - Mathematics (is, are) an important part of many
everyday activities. - Where (is, are) the paragraphs you wrote?
47Week FifteenAgreement Collective Nouns
- The class (has, have) chosen titles for their
original plays. - First prize (was, were) two tickets to Hawaii.
- Crime and Punishment (is, are) a world famous
novel with a tormented protagonist. - Mathematics (is, are) an important part of many
everyday activities. - Where (is, are) the paragraphs you wrote?
48Week Sixteen Agreement Pronoun/Antecedent
- A pronoun usually refers to a noun or another
pronoun that comes before it. The word that a
pronoun refers to is called its antecedent. - A pronoun should agree in number and gender with
its antecedent - Daniel Defoe wrote his first book at the age of
fifty-nine. (singular) - Reliable cards make their owners happy. (plural)
- The elephant is a long-lived animal. It lives in
the quietude of Africa. (singular)
49Week Sixteen Agreement Pronoun/Antecedent
- Claire or Ida will go to the nursing home early
so that ___________ can help the residents into
the lounge. - Several of the volunteers contributed _______ own
money to buy the shelter a new van. - As a reward for _______ high grade, either Robert
or James will get a free lunch.
50Week Sixteen Agreement Pronoun/Antecedent
- Claire or Ida will go to the nursing home early
so that ____she_______ can help the residents
into the lounge. - Several of the volunteers contributed
__their_____ own money to buy the shelter a new
van. - As a reward for _his____ high grade, either
Robert or James will get a free lunch.
51Week SeventeenAgreement Pronoun/Antecedent
- Collective noun rules apply for pronoun /
antecedent agreement - The pride of lions is hunting its prey on the
savanna. - The pride of lions are licking their chops in
anticipation. - The United States celebrated its bicentennial in
1976 indubitably one of the most important days
in our history.
52Week SeventeenAgreement Pronoun/Antecedent
- Identify each incorrect pronoun, and write the
pronoun that agrees with its antecedent. - The school finally sent Michael and Kathryn the
results of the tests he or she had taken. - After World War II, the United States gave most
of their foreign aid to help Europe rebuild. - A cheetah is indefatigable on their victim.
53Week SeventeenAgreement Pronoun/Antecedent
- Identify each incorrect pronoun, and write the
pronoun that agrees with its antecedent. - The school finally sent Michael and Kathryn the
results of the tests they had taken. - After World War II, the United States gave most
of its foreign aid to help Europe rebuild. - A cheetah is indefatigable on his or her victim.
54Week Eighteen Semester Review
- Survey students and use previous assessments to
determine, by class, which skills need
reinforcement.