IMPACTS Integrated Monitoring Program on Acidification of Chinese Terrestrial Systems

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IMPACTS Integrated Monitoring Program on
Acidification of Chinese Terrestrial Systems
29/11-2000 NORAD
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Stepping-Stones of Sino-Norwegian Acid Rain
Research Co-operation

• 1988 Co-operation initiated between Research
  Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (Prof. Zhao
  Dianwu, CAS) and University of Oslo (Prof. Seip)
• 1992-gt Integrated catchment studies near Guiyang
  and Chongqing
• 1990s Visiting researchers from China to Norway
  for modeling and experimental work.
• 1997 A conglomerate of Norwegian environment
  research institutions launched plans for a large
  program on acid deposition monitoring, impact
  assessment and competence building in China
  (PIAC).

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PIACPlanning of an Integrated Acidification
Study and Survey on Acid Rain Impacts in China
Co-sponsored by the
World Bank and NORAD

• Pilot project 1997
• Acid rain seminar in Beijing (SEPA)
• Field survey in April-May 1997
• Chongqing, Guizhou, Guangdong
• 15 field sites visited
• Air, soils, water, vegetation and aquatic fauna
  sampled and later analyzed
• Locally available information on acid rain
  impacts
• collected and reviewed
• Report to SEPA, World Bank and NORAD
• Results published in Ambio

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Key Findings from PIAC and earlier studies

• Air and deposition
• Lack of regional data
• Too much focus on precipitation pH
• In addition to sulfur, base cations, ammonia,
  nitrate and fluoride are important
• VOC and carbonyl levels high compared to European
  conditions
• Local emissions long range transport
• Ozone
• Soil and soil water
• High levels of toxic aluminum and low pH, but
  also high base cation levels
• Acidification of upper soils likely
• Deeper soils better buffering
• Low C/N possible nitrate leaching

• Surface water
• At present a minor problem
• Poorly buffered, acidification sensitive water
  bodies found in some rural areas, presently with
  low acid loading
• Lower diversity in aquatic fauna observed in low
  pH streams
• Vegetation
• Reduced photosynthesis and changes in chemical
  composition of plant tissues observed in urban
  and suburban areas.
• Causes may be high levels of air SO2, phosphorous
  deficiency or high toxic aluminum in soil water

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Sulfur depositionEstimate based on RAINS-Asia,
1995 data
Reference RAINS-Asia (Downing et al., 1997)
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Background for high sulfur deposition

• Energy production, China

• Energy carriers, China (1999)

1996 target year for emission reduction measures
Reference BP-Amoco, 2000
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Background and Approach

• Basis
• gt 20 years of European international cooperation
• UN-ECE convention on long range transported
  pollution (1979...)
• EMEP, ICP-Water, ICP-Forest, ICP-Integrated
  Monitoring
• Norwegian institutes have regional
  responsibilities
• Successful scientific interdisciplinary
  cooperation -gt policy initiative
• RainsEurope
• Gothenburg protocol 1999
• Approach
• Detailed studies in small catchments
• Integration of different research fields
• Serve as basis for regional monitoring
• Provide equipment and training

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Main objectives

• Basis for decision making
• Provide information as a basis for the Chinese
  authorities to prepare and implement
  cost-effective policies to reduce acid rain in
  China
• Monitoring program building
• Initiate/implement a program for collection and
  registration of data concerning deposition and
  ecological effects of acid rain in 4 provinces
  in China
• Provide valuable information and equipment needed
  to establish a national monitoring network
• Capacity building
• Strengthen the capacity of Chinese research
  institutes and environment institutions.
• Strengthen the basis for Chinese participation in
  international co-operation on acid rain

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Monitoring sites
Guangdong
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Scientific participants in IMPACTS

• In China
• Chinese Research Academy of Environmental
  Sciences (CRAES)
• The Research Center for Eco-Environmental
  Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
  (RECESS/CAS)
• Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF)
• Center for Environmental Sciences, Peking
  University
• Department of Environmental Science and
  Engineering, Tsinghua University
• Institute of Environmental Economics, Remin
  University
• Guangzhou Research Institute of Environmental
  Protection
• Guizhou Institute of Environmental Protection
  Research
• Chongqing Institute of Environmental Science and
  Monitoring
• Hunan Research Institute of Environmental
  Protection Science

• In Norway
• NIVA (Norwegian Institute for Water Research)
• NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research)
• NIJOS (Norwegian Institute of Land Inventory)
• NISK (Norwegian Institute for Forest Research)
• NUPI (Norwegian Institute of International
  Affairs)
• UiO (Dept. of Chemistry, University of Oslo)
• NLH (Dept. of Soil and Water Sci., Agric.
  University)

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Structure
SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency
SFA State Forestry Administration
MOFTEC Ministry of Foreign Trade and Exchange
commission
Central
CAS Chinese Academy of Sciences
CAF Chinese Academy of Forestry
CRAES Chinese Research Academy of Environmental
Sciences
Research institutes
PFB Province Forestry Bureau
EPB Environmental Protection Bureau
Province
DOFTEC District Foreign Trade and Exchange
commission
Universities
LFB Local Forestry Bureau
EPB Environmental Protection Bureau
Local
Research institutes
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Central organization of IMPACTS
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Local organization of IMPACTS Example CHONGQING
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Scientific organization

• WP-I Air Chemistry and deposition
• WP-II Soil, soil- and surface-water
• WP-III Forest and ground vegetation
• WP-IV Data base, information, integrated analyses

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WP-I Air chemistry and deposition
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WP1Air Chemistry and deposition

• Goals
• Establish high standard monitoring sites to
  measure precipitation and air chemistry and
  deposition fluxes
• Increase knowledge about pollution transport and
  distribution of deposition
• Provide input data necessary for the other WP
  groups

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WP 1Measurements at intensive sites(1 in each
province)

• Main meteorological parameters (continuously)
• Main compounds in precipitation (weekly and
  daily)
• In air NO2, SO2, SO4, sNO3, sNH4, Ca, Mg, K, Na,
  (daily)
• Ozone (weekly at four sites, hourly at one site)
• Particles, PM2.5/PM10 (during campaigns at one
  site)

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WP-II Soil, soil water and surface water
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WP-II Soil, soil water and surface water

• Goals
• Achieve a better understanding of important
  acidification processes in soils
• Study the soils sensitivity towards
  acidification. (Key variables Base saturation,
  concentration of aluminium species, sulphate
  adsorption)
• Study time trends in key variables
• Provide data for modeling testing/validation
• Existing models are mainly developed for other
  conditions.
• Test hypotheses, suggest model improvements

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WP-II Soil, soil water and surface water Field
monitoring

• Routine sampling/monitoring of
• Soil water
• Streamwater
• Temperature
• Moisture

Liu Chongguan site
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WP-III Forest and ground vegetation
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WP-III Forest and ground vegetation

• Goals
• Improve capacity and competence on monitoring of
  vitality and nutrient status of forest
  ecosystems.
• Assessment of the damage air pollution causes to
  forest ecosystems
• Quantification of the dominant processes in
  nutrient cycling.

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WP-III Forest and ground vegetation

• Focuses on vitality and nutrient status of forest
  ecosystems.
• At each site 10 plots (30mx30m) have been (or
  will be) selected for monitoring of tree health
  and tree growth.
• Within these plots, smaller plots (1m2) are
  selected for monitoring studies of ground
  vegetation
• Long-term changes in vegetation to be correlated
  to environmental parameters

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WP IVDatabase, integration,information,economi
c analysis
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WP IVDatabase, integration,information,economi
c analysis

• Database
• Ensure all information available for all project
  participants
• Ensure well organized and safely stored data for
  long term use
• Communication from and within the project
• Newsletter
• Web-pages
• Electronic bulletin board
• The basis for cost-benefit analyses of acid
  deposition impacts and measures will be laid and
  a follow up project planned

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The use of integrated models

• To allow integration of measurements
• air, deposition, soil, vegetation, water
• To allow quantitative impact assessment of acid
  deposition
• To lubricate communication between the different
  WPs
• Critical load calculations
• Predictions of future impacts at different
  scenarios
• Basic tools for policy development

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Critical factors

• Economy
• Norway OK
• China
• Lacking subcontracts
• Administration
• Norway OK
• China
• Priority (SEPA, CRAES and WP-leaders)
• WP-leaders economy
• Institutional, not personal responsibility/depende
  nce

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Critical factors

• Implementation
• Norway OK
• China
• FECO
• Equipment to/in China
• Lab. Facilities
• Priority
• Postponed 2 sites
• Collaboration, information, communication

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Present project status

• Outputs
• Manuals (field and lab., field instruction)
• Newsletter (2 volumes a year)
• Homepage (www.impacts.net.cn)
• Publications and Conferences
• Workshops (Norway lab.-intercalibration/models)
• Training (China)
• Intercalibration
• 4 fields sites from 01.01.2001 (mostly ready)
• Field manuals ready (site specific, but with a
  general structure)
• Contacts/Friendship (In China and Norway)

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Project progress

• October 2000
• IC is procured and training on IC finished during
  this month.
• November 2000
• The last edition of updated field and laboratory
  manuals will be finished, and the remaining
  translation of these manuals into Chinese can
  start.
• Intercalibration of air/precipitation and surface
  water should be implemented. All local
  laboratories have got the intercalibration during
  the Norwegian China visit in September.
• The remaining installation of field site
  equipment has to be finished in TSP, LCG, LGS and
  CJT.

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Project progress

• December 2000
• All 4 monitoring sites will start the full
  monitoring program. Whole December will be used
  for training the procedures etc., to be sure that
  everything is OK when we really start the
  monitoring program 01.01.2001.
• 1.-2. week, Norwegian WP-I, -II, -III and -IV
  responsible will visit Guangzhou and together
  with the local Chinese, decide where to establish
  the field site.
• December 10-16 Acid Rain Conference in Japan.
  Tang Dagang present out project (oral
  presentation)
• The 2nd IMPACTS Newsletter will be finished

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Project progress

• January 2001
• Monitoring program starts in TSP, LCG, LGS and
  CJT 01.01.2001.
• 2. week WP-I and WP-II experts from Norway will
  visit all actual local institutes and participate
  on a sampling day to repeat and solve eventually
  difficulties in the daily running program.
• February 2001
• 19-23 WP-leader meeting in Beijing, preparing
  for the annual report to SEPA/NORAD.
• March 2001
• 2. week the 2nd modeling workshop will be
  arranged in Norway.
• WP-III ground vegetation workshop in China (1
  week, CAF)
• 3. week Training workshop in Environmental
  Management for Chinese leaders, in Oslo

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Project progress

• April 2001
• April 1. The 2001 Annual Report will be finished
  and delivered to SEPA/NORAD
• WP-III ground vegetation workshop in Oslo/Ås (1
  week, UiO/ NIJOS)
• May 2001
• The Consultation meeting with NORAD/MOFTEC will
  be arranged.
• The 3rd IMPACTS Newsletter will be finished
• June 2001
• WP-III workshop on forest in Norway (NIJOS/NISK)

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Milestone maps

• Tasks
• Task 1 Collection of relevant background
  information
• Task 2 Description of monitoring sites
• Task 3 Procurement and installation of
  equipment
• Task 4 Daily running, routine collection of
  data
• Task 5 Episodic studies
• Task 6 Regional survey
• Task 7 Intercalibration/Intercomparison
• Task 8 Training
• Task 9 Establishment of data base
• Task 10 Data modeling/analysis
• Task 11 Communication/information
• Task 12 Meetings/workshops
• Task 13 Reporting/outputs

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Milestone maps
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