Title: Gender budgeting in India
1Gender budgeting in India
- Ashok Lahiri
- Lekha S Chakraborty
- P N Bhattacharyya
2Focus of the study
- Gender Diagnosis
- in access to resources viz.. health, nutrition,
education etc. - Women in Economy
- Valuation of womens contribution to the market
and care economy - Preparing gender-sensitive budget
- budget through gender lens gender disaggregated
public expenditure benefit incidence.
3GDI A Quick Look
4Fiscal Policy GDI Any Link?
- Fixed Effects Model Econometric Verification
- Using cross-country data pooled for 1993,1994 and
1995 , analysis of link between per capita
combined expenditure on health and education and
GDI revealed that one percent increase in the
former leads to 0.06 points increase in GDI.
5Gender Diagnosis contd..Missing Women in India
- Adverse Sex Ratio in India (972 per 1000 males in
1901 to 933 per 1000 males in 2001) - Sex ratio at birth (0-6) is 927 per 1000 males
Census 2001
6Statistical Invisibility of Care Economy
- Global estimates suggest that womens unpaid work
in care economy produces an output of 11
trillion, compared to a global GDP of about 23
trillion (UNDP, 1995). - Extension of Production Boundary of SNA 1993 by
UNSD led to the inclusion of CARE ECONOMY in
National Accounts as Satellite Accounts.
7Time spent on Care Economyhours per week
8III. Preparing gender budget
- Global Context
- SHD paradigm of UN Conference of 90s.
- people-mattered budget initiative
- Gender Budgets Country Examples
- Australia (1984)
- Commonwealth Initiative in South Africa, Sri
Lanka, Barbados, St. Kitts and Nevis and Fiji.
9Indian Context for Gender Budgeting
- ? Special Reference in Budget Speech, 2000
- pertaining to the access of women to national
resources. - ? National Development Council adopted
Empowerment of Women as specific objective of
9th FYP on February 19,1999. - ?Womens Component Plan to ensure that not less
than 30 of funds and benefits flow to women
from developmental sectors. - ? Gender equality recognized in Indian
Constitution.
10Gender Budgeting in Indian Context
- Economic Survey, 2000-01 2001-02
- An entire section on gender equality.
- Highlights of Union Budget 2002-03
- Increase in the plan allocation of DWCD by 33 per
cent to Rs 2200 crores. - National Nutrition Mission
- 100 scholarships per year to be provided by Dept
of Science Tech. To women scientists/technologis
ts.
11Union Budget 2003 Policy announcements through
gender lens
- Access of women to microcredit through Self-Help
Groups skewed evidence. - Antyodaya Anna Yojana Poor Targeting.
- Health Insurance for BPL Families Can increase
the health costs in the public care system in the
long run. - Restructured Pension Scheme intrinsically gender
blind.
12Gender sensitive budget
- Budgetary resource allocation through gender
lens. - Are not separate budgets for women.
- Dissection of budget to establish its
gender-specific impacts. - Gendered incidence of budgetary policies for the
effective targeting of public spending - Stress repriotisation rather an overall increase
in public spending. - Thrust to ensure a greater visibility to care
economy.
13Preparing gender-sensitive budget
- ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
- Category i. Specifically targeted expenditure to
women - Category ii. Public Expenditure with pro-women
allocation - Category iii Mainstream expenditure that make
gender-differential impacts.
14Categorization of Specifically targeted
expenditure
- gt Protective and Welfare Services
- to prevent atrocities viz. domestic violence,
kidnapping, rape, dowry deaths - gt Social Services
- education, health, nutrition
- gt Economic Services
- self employment training programs
- gt Regulatory Services Awareness Generation
Programs - Maternal benefit schemes
15Categorization of specifically targeted programs
for women Union Budget 2003-04
16SPECIFICALLY TARGETED EXPENDITURE. FINDINGS
- Direct allocations specially targeted to women
and girls under various Ministries in Union
Budget 2003-04 amounted to Rs. 3665 crores - 0.84 per cent of total expenditure of 2003-04
- Significant deviation of revised estimates from
the budget estimates Rs 3370 crores in BE
2002-03 and Rs 2835.93 in RE 2002-03
17Specifically Targeted Programs for Womenshare
in various Ministries
18Public Expenditure with Pro-women allocations
- Certain public expenditure have pro-women
allocations though they are not exclusively
targeted for women. - Eg., poverty alleviation employment generation
schemes provision for drinking water, fuel,
housing, improved energy resources etc.
19Public Expenditure with Pro-women
allocationsFindings
- In gender-intensive Ministries
- Pro-women Allocation TE-WSPWC
- In Ministries with few gender-intensive schemes
- Pro-women allocation ? SCS WC
- Share declined from 3.89 percent in 1995-96 to
2.02 per cent in 2001-02 and further to 2.63 per
cent in 2002-03 and 2.19 per cent in 2003-04 in
total expenditure.
20Gender Disaggregated Benefit Incidence
- How gender-inclusive is the mainstream
expenditure? - Aims to analyze the distribution of public
spending by gender. - BENEFIT INCIDENCE UNIT COSTS No. of UNITS
UTILISED
21Priority Actions
- Strengthen the gender disaggregated database
within Departments/Ministries. - Segregate the provisions for women in the
composite schemes. Open a distinct minor head
Women Development in budget document.
22Priority Actions (contd)
- Consolidation of Schemes
- with provision of Rs.10 crore or less.
- (Too many programs with too little money.)
- Expenditure management
- monitor the implementation of scheme
- significant deviation between Budget Estimates
and Revised Estimates.