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Title: Ethics of Development in a Global Environment EDGE Prejudice and Poverty

1
Ethics of Development in a Global Environment
(EDGE)Prejudice and Poverty

Enrolment form
Summary of Overview from Trade and the
Environment
Discussion of This Quarters Projects

2
Enrolment Form

Name______________ Major_______YR____
Email______________ Phone______________
Background________________________________________
__________________________________________________
________________
Country of Interest________________________
Issue of interest ________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________

3
Trade and The Environment March 2008 Overview
Statement

The Birth of Empires
The Christian Colonial Era
Post Colonial World Wars
After the Great War, the Other Great War
Creation of Regional Governments
United States Empire Ambitions
Best Laid Plans
Latin American Seeking Independence
New Efforts stirring Military Confrontations
Using Oil Profits to make World Trade Fair.

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5
A Critical Point in the History of Humankind(a)
The Birth of Empires

Since the emergence of humankind about 50,000
years ago, there has been steady progress towards
improved technology and organization for both
living standards and for slaughter. The earliest
changes allowed improved hunting and gathering,
then farming and herding and better shelter. Soon
the emergence of abstract values in language led
to organization of societies into larger and
larger communities and civilizations. Authority
derived from higher beings allowed a small
group of rulers to harness the labor of thousands
and then millions of people to improve
agriculture, build larger and larger dwellings
and assemble armies to defend their own Empires
or to overwhelm and/or enslave others cultures.
In some regions environment or inherent social
values allowed groups of thousands to exist in
adjacent areas with little conflict over
resources. However the plague of Empire spread
from the Great Rift Valley in East Africa up
through the Arabian peninsula across Europe to
the West, across the Orient to the East, and
finally across the ice-age land bridge to the
Americas. Great empires developed with massive
armies enslaving other cultures to use their
wealth and labor to enhance their own wealth.
Through trade and conquest emperors amassed more
and more power using it to feed their subjects (a
bit) but mostly to build monuments to themselves
and their gods and to pile riches upon the few
loyalists they needed to maintain rule.

6
Wars of Conquest Around the Mediterranean Fertile
Crescent, Persian, Roman, Ottoman Empires
7
(b) The Christian Colonial Era

While the practices of Empires over the world
was subjugation and exploitation, the practices
varied from Empire to Empire. Some were more
beneficial to their subjects others maintained
subjects in poverty just above starvation while
enriching their ruling classes. As the empires
grew they dominated more and more different
cultures, usually choosing one segment of the
foreign culture to rule in their behalf. Rather
than eliminate these cultures, the oppression
often developed a resentful underclass ready to
follow another leader or religion and rebel
against the occupying power. This was
particularly true of the Colonial era.
When the Romans killed Rabbi Jesus and
thousands of other Jewish protesters, it was the
beginning of the fall of Rome's Empire.
Underground spread of the new religion, calling
for better treatment of common people, fostered
revolution among the many cultures of the Empire.
Adoption of Christianity as a state religion by
Constantine in 307 AD did not change the
oppression. The Holy Roman Empire lasted only a
short while but gave birth to multiple
Christian Empires that now in the name of God
converted and enslaved cultures around the
world, and slaughtered each other for dominance.
For over 1,700 years the battles have raged.
Native populations in the Americas were
slaughtered, African populations were enslaved
and shipped over the oceans to provide labor, and
tens of millions were slaughtered in World Wars I
II to see which Christian Empire would rule
the world.

8
Colonial Empires
Portuguese Empire
Dutch Empire
English Empire
French Empire
Russian Empire
Spanish Empire
German Empire
9
Ottoman Empire
10
At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War
1861 to 1865
11
(c) Post Colonial World Wars

The Colonial era was not about bringing
salvation or better living standards to other
regions, and the world wars were not about
freedom. World War I grew out of a dispute
between European powers for exploiting colonial
territory. Germany as it grew in power wanted a
growing share of Africas riches and in 1914 was
willing to fight for it. They were joined by the
Ottoman empire Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. On
the other side were France, England, and Russia,
joined later by Italy and America. After four
years and 40 million deaths, the winners divided
up the colonial territories of the Ottoman empire
in the Mid East and North Africa and the African
colonies of Germany. Japan was neutral originally
but then joined the winners in return for keeping
its colonial holdings in Korea and parts of China
and Russia.

12
Ottoman Empire divided up
13
(d) After the Great War, the Next Great War

While the victors divided up the spoils of
World War I they also pursued economic policies
that led to the accumulation of great wealth at
the expense of working peoples and to the great
crash of October 29, 1929, Black Tuesday. The
ensuing world wide depression opened the door for
Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany to gain
power. Hitler trashed the League of Nations, the
organization set up after WW I to prevent further
wars, and set about to rectify the wrongs of
the Versailles Treaty and regain the glory of the
Holy Roman Tradition.
Aided by dictatorial powers granted after the
Reichstag fire, he demonized the Communists
rearmed the nation and eventually attacked
Poland, starting the second world war in 1939.
The new war resulted in different teams. Germany
partnered with Italy and later Japan while
England and France, again with the United States
opposed them. Russia originally kept out of it,
but Germany , after subduing France, attacked
Russia. The new war cost 70,000,000 lives in its
six year duration.

14
Reichstag fire

The Reichstag fire was a pivotal event in the
establishment of Nazi Germany. At 2115 on the
night of February 27, 1933, a Berlin fire station
received an alarm call that the Reichstag
building, the assembly location of the German
Parliament, was ablaze. The fire was started in
the Session Chamber1, and by the time the
police and firemen arrived, the main Chamber of
Deputies was in flames. Inside the building, the
police quickly found a shirtless Marinus van der
Lubbe. Van der Lubbe was a Dutch insurrectionist
council communist and unemployed bricklayer who
had recently arrived in Germany, ostensibly to
carry out his political activities. The fire was
used as evidence that the Communists were
beginning a plot against the German government.
Van der Lubbe and 4000 Communist leaders were
arrested. Then-chancellor Adolf Hitler urged
President Hindenburg to pass an emergency decree
in order to counter the "ruthless confrontation
of the KPD".

15
The Reichstag fire The next day the ageing
President signed a decree which allowed the nazis
to suspend freedom of speech which they used to
ban virtually the entire opposition press.
16
World War II casualties From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia

The total estimated human loss of life caused by
World War II was roughly 72 million people. The
civilian toll was around 47 million, including 20
million deaths due to war related famine and
disease. The military toll was about 25 million,
including the deaths of about 5 million prisoners
of war in captivity. The Allies lost around 61
million people, and the Axis lost 11 million.

After six years and 72 million deaths, the
Axis was defeated. Though the Allies had used
troops extensively from their colonial
territories, the colonies were not given their
promised independence. Instead the US and England
and much of Europe joined together with their
former enemies, Japan, Germany and Italy to
oppose their former allies, China and Russia, in
the Cold War. The colonies had to fight for
their independence from 1945 to the present.

18
Fights for Independence after WW II

Kenya 1963 1980---
Mali 1960-1997
Philippines 1934-1946
China 1947-1949
Ghana 1957
Nigeria 1960
Congo 1960---
Angola 1974-2002
South Africa 1994
Macao --1999
Vietnam 1959-1975
Indonesia 1945
Cuba 1956-1959
Nicaragua 1961-2006

19
And the Wars Continue
20
(e) Creation of regional Governments

Today the evolution of world government that
seems most promising is creation of regional
bodies able to adjudicate issues between
competing cultures without wars. The European
nations that grew out of the dregs of the Roman
Empire were the cradle of colonialism, slavery
and world wars. The European Steal and Coal
Community grew out of the self interest of
France, Germany and Italy after World War II.
Learning to resolve self interests, this seed
grew over the years to 27 nations united for self
interest. Today the European Union comprises over
500 million people and one third of the world
GDP.
The EU guarantees the rights of the many
different cultures, languages and religions that
for centuries had been used by emperors to sow
hatred. They guarantee rights for labor
organizations and limit the excesses of giant
corporations. They have impressive programs
supporting public health, education, and
retirement programs. Most importantly they have
created a common currency, eliminating a major
tool used by nations to wage economic war on each
other.
Organization of the EU was opposed by the
United States, but has been copied by regional
bodies around the world. It is the model for
South America, East Asia, South Asia, Africa and
Arabian Nations.
It is also reflected in NAFTA, although without
many of the EU protections.

21
Growth of the European Union

European Coal and Steel Community 1951-2002 - gtgt
European Economic Community and reorganized in
1967 by a merger with the European Coal and Steel
Community and the European Atomic Community (from
the 1980s usually known as European Community).

22
AustriaBelgiumBulgariaCyprusCzech
RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGr
eeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxemb
ourgMaltaNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlo
vakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnited Kingdom

World War II
Allied powers China France gtgt Soviet
Union United Kingdom gtgt United States...et
al.
Axis powers Germany gtgt Italy gtgt
Japan...et al

The EU comprises a single market created by a
system of laws which apply in all member states,
guaranteeing the freedom of movement of people,
goods, services and capital.3 It maintains a
common trade policy, agricultural and fisheries
policies, and a regional development policy.4
In 1999 the EU introduced a common currency, the
euro, which has been adopted by fifteen member
states. It represents its members in the WTO and
observes at G8 summits and at the UN.
With almost 500 million citizens, the EU
generates an estimated 31 share of the world's
nominal GDP (US16.6 trillion) in 2007.2

Russ.East Europe CIS 1991
Asian ASEAN 1961
N. America NAFTA 1994
Arab League 1945
African Union 2001
South Asian SAARC 1985

25
2004-2008.. Creation of theUnion of South
American Nations
26
(f) U.S. Empire Ambitions

While the originators of Empire and the
Colonial era were working out peaceful relations
in Europe, unfortunately the United States was
working towards world domination. The military
industrial complex (the term coined by
General-President Eisenhower) plus ambitious
international corporations were extending their
control of as much of the world as they could.
Since losses to the U.S. in World Wars I and II
were small, about 2 of the fatalities, the
nation became the strongest economically and
militarily. What an opportunity for the leaders,
in the Holy Roman tradition, to reestablish
control over other nations, eliminate the threat
of communists and unions, and complete domination
by Judeo-Christian forces over other religions
and cultures of the world.
One component of the plan is to build military
power greater than any other nation in the world.
International bases, preemptive war and
unilateral action accompanies this power. On the
economic front, the US controlled World Bank and
IMF, using profits generated during the 1970s
oil crisis, provided loans and created
indebtedness of former Colonies in South America,
Africa and Asia.
As it became clear that the worlds petroleum
resources would be exhausted by the middle of the
current century, strategies were also devised to
control world energy resources to benefit from
the scarcity profits they will bring.

27
U.S. Federal Budget
28
US Military Bases

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31
Partial world map showing the creation of a new
United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM) by
reassigning parts of the existing United States
European Command (USEUCOM) and United States
Central Command (USCENTCOM).Source DoD News
Briefing, Wednesday, 7 February 2007 - 100 PM
32
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33
World Debts
34
New Rise in Oil Prices The End game 100/Bbl
35
Total Consumption82,234,918 bbl/day 30,000
million bbl/yrTotal Reserves1.3174 trillion
barrels (January 2007)1.3174 trillion/ 30
million/yr43.9 years
36
(g) The Best-Laid Plans

Often go awry. The Plans for a New American
Century formulated at the end of the Reagan
presidency and implemented by both Bush
administrations have indeed been a failure.The
transparent neo-liberalism and Washington
Consensus are being challenged successfully
around the world. The political and military
adventures to secure the worlds energy supply are
also failing.
Military occupation of Iraq has encountered
continued resistance, resulting in over 4,000
deaths of US and its partners troops and over
600,000 Iraqis. Still the puppet government has
not granted oil licenses to US firms. In
Afghanistan, the potential route for a US oil and
gas pipeline from the Caspian Sea, the resistance
is increasing. Meanwhile the nations around the
Caspian have united and are developing
alternative pipelines. Insults to the Arab
nations, the invasion of Iraq and prejudice
against Islam, have turned Saudi Arabia and other
members of the Arab League against our
policies.They are pursuing independent
initiatives for peace in Iraq and resolution of
the Israeli-Palestine issues with UN support.
Russia has regained control of its oil and gas
resources. Khodorkovsky of the Texas-linked Yukos
corporation, hoped to control both the resources
and the Russian nation through billionaires
created under Yeltsin and the World Banks shock
capitalism. President Putin, with Chinas help,
has regained the resources and rebuilt Russias
economy through energy exports by Gazprom, a
national corporation, to Europe. The Chairman of
Gazprom, Dmitry Medvedev
has been elected to become Russia's next
President.

37
Power and Economic Transitions in Russia
38
Caspian Resources

Officially, Mr. Putin, the first post-Soviet
Union Russian leader to go to Iran, was in Tehran
to attend a Summit of the Caspian Sea littoral
states, which are, besides Iran and Russia,
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, but he
had been endorsed by his major Western partners
to discuss with the Iranian leader that nations
controversial nuclear activities and try to make
them hear the voice of logic and see the
realities.

39
Natural Gas Export Routes and Options in the
Caspian Sea Region Stalled, Planned Operational

Baku-Erzurum
"Centgas" (Central Asia Gas)
Central Asia Center Pipeline
China Gas Pipeline
Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline (TCGP)
Korpezhe-Kurt-Kui

40
Putin lauds rapid growth of Russia-China trade,
urges structural reform2006-03- Xinhua English

"The growth rate of the Russia-China trade has
far exceeded the average growth rate of Russia's
overall foreign trade over recent years. Russia
ranks among the Top Ten trade partners of China
in a stable manner, " Putin said in an exclusive
interview with Xinhua prior to his visit to
China.
The trade volume between the two countries hit
29.1 billion U.S. dollars last year, up 37
percent on a year-on-year basis.
Putin said bilateral investment is also
registering stable development. About 557
projects financed by China are being carried out
in Russia.

41
Rethinking the Role of Religion

Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Savior -
destroyed by Stalin in 1931, painstakingly
restored in the 1990s

Qolsärif mosque - The largest mosque in Russia,
Kazan
42
Using the Oil and GasTrade
43
(h) Latin American Seeking Independence

Even though Latin America was subject to U.S.
economic and military attempts to control its
governments and resources, its liberal leaders
have rallied, won the presidencies of many
nations, united South America in a new Union
patterned after the EU, won back their resources
and are using proceeds from energy sales to
extend political unity to Central America and the
Caribbean.
South America has now cancelled much of its
debt, created a Banko Del Sur to replace the
World Bank and are implementing many of the
reforms recommended by Nobel Prize winner, Joseph
Stiglitz in his book, Making Globalization
Work. They plan a common currency in the coming
years.
The US military, CIA and School of the
Americas (SOA) interventions in Latin America
resulted in thousands of deaths but little
permanent advantage for the U.S. Guatemala
(1954), Argentina (1976), El Salvador (1980),
Nicaragua (1983), Grenada (1986), Panama (1989),
Haiti (1991), and Colombia (1998). The
successful overturning of U.S. hegemony in South
America is resulting in movements for similar
reform in Central America.
Though recruited by the U.S. to join the
Coalition of the Willing in the 2003 Iraq
invasion, Latin America responded only in the
countries directly influenced by the CIA and
special Ops, and only weakly. All but El Salvador
have removed troops. But a number of
paramilitaries have been hired by private U.S.
contractors.
China and Russia are now making trade inroads
and investments throughout Latin America.

44
Training manuals used at the SOA and elsewhere
from the early 1980s through 1991 promoted
techniques that violated human rights and
democratic standards. SOA graduates continue to
surface in news reports regarding both current
human rights cases and new reports on past case.
See The Washington, D.C. based human rights
organization, School of the Americas Watch.

In 1946, the The Latin American Training Center
U.S. Ground Forces was established in Panama at
Fort Gulick, at what is now called the Melia
Hotel. During 1949 it was expanded and became the
U.S. Army Caribbean Training Center. It was
expanded and renamed the U.S. Army School of the
Americas in 1963. It relocated to Fort Benning in
1984, following the signing of the Panama Canal
Treaty. More than 61,000 military personnel
attended these United States Army schools.

45
Guatemala 1954-2000CIA vs Arbenz

More than 450 Mayan villages were destroyed
and over 1 million people became internal and
external refugees. In certain areas, such as Baja
Verapaz, the Truth Commission considered that the
Guatemalan state engaged in an intentional policy
of genocide against particular ethnic groups in
the Civil War.

46
Guatemala May Join Petrocaribe

Guatemala, Feb 21, 2008 (Prensa Latina)
Guatemalan President Alvaro Colom stated his
government is analyzing Thursday the possibility
of joining the Petrocaribe energy initiative,
boosted by Venezuela.
The decision could be made within one or two
weeks, Colom said in the Special Summit of the
Central American Integration System in San
Salvador.
According to the statesman, the team who studied
benefits for Guatemala of that cooperation accord
has concluded its analysis, so the issue could
appear in the Cabinet meeting Monday.
On his January visit to this capital for Colom's
inauguration, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez
said that his country's energy potential is open
to Guatemala through its entrance to Petrocaribe.
That initiative emerged in 2005 to solve
asymmetries in access to oil resources through a
new favorable, equitable and fair exchange among
the Caribbean basin countries.
Among benefits are that nation members only have
to pay 60-percent of the bill and the rest has a
25-year period of grace with very low interest
Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Cuba,
Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Dominican
Republic, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Surinam,
Venezuela, Haiti and Nicaragua are currently
members of the organization.

47
Argentina1976

The armed forces took power through a junta in
charge of the self-appointed National
Reorganization Process until 1983. The military
government repressed opposition and leftist
groups using harsh illegal measures (the "Dirty
War") thousands of dissidents "disappeared",
while the SIDE cooperated with DINA and other
South American intelligence agencies, and with
the CIA in Operation Condor. Many of the military
leaders that took part in the Dirty War were
trained in the U.S.-financed School of the
Americas, among them Argentine dictators Leopoldo
Galtieri and Roberto Viola. The military
dictatorship (1976-1983) greatly increased the
extent of the country's foreign debt. From that
point the economy of the country began to be
controlled more and more by the conditions
imposed on it by both its creditors and the IMF
(International Monetary Fund) with priority given
to servicing the repayment of the foreign debt.
These and other economic problems, charges of
corruption, public revulsion in the face of human
rights abuses and, finally, the country's 1982
defeat by the British in the Falklands War
discredited the Argentine military regime.

48
Argentina vs The Washington Consensus

On the 20th of December 2001 Argentina was thrown
into its worst institutional and economic crisis
for several decades. There were violent street
protests, which brought about clashes with the
police and resulted in several fatalities. The
increasingly chaotic climate, amidst bloody
riots, finally resulted in the resignation of
President de la Rúa. The economic crisis
accentuated the peoples lack of trust in their
politicians. During this time street protests
were accompanied by the cry they all should go.
The "they" referred to the politicians,
especially those involved in many reported acts
of corruption. They were also accused of dealing
fraudulently with public goods and money, without
any judicial sanctions in place to curb the
corruption.
In two weeks, several presidents followed in
quick succession, culminating in Eduardo
Duahadle's being appointed interim President of
Argentina by the Legislative Assembly on 2
January 2002. Argentina defaulted on its
international debt obligations. The peso's near
eleven year-old linkage to the United States
dollar was abandoned, resulting in major
depression of the peso and a spike in inflation.
With a more competitive and flexible exchange
rate, the country implemented new policies based
on re-industrialization, import substitution,
increased exports, and consistent fiscal and
trade surpluses. By the end of 2002 the economy
began to stabilize, mainly thanks to the soybean
and other cereals' boom and floating of exchange
rates. In 2003, Nestor Kirchner was elected
president. During Kirchner's presidency,
Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with a
steep discount (about 66 percent) on most bonds,
paid off debts with the International Monetary
Fund, renegotiated contracts with utilities, and
nationalized some previously privatized
enterprises. Currently, Argentina is enjoying a
period of economic growth. In 2007 Christina
Fernandez de Kirchner, was elected president.

49
El Salvador 1980-1994Human rights, Washington
styleexcerpted from the book Killing Hopeby
William Blum

The United States was supporting the government
of El Salvador, said President Ronald Reagan,
because it was trying "to halt the infiltration
into the Americas, by terrorists and by outside
interference, and those who aren't just aiming at
El Salvador but, I think, are aiming at the whole
of Central and possibly later South America and,
I'm sure, eventually North America."

In a remote corner of El Salvador, investigators
uncovered the remains of a horrible crime a
crime that Washington had long denied. The
villagers of El Mozote had the misfortune to find
themselves in the path of the Salvadoran Armys
anti-Communist crusade. The story of the massacre
at El Mozote how it came about, and hy it had
to be denied stands as a central parable of the
Cold War.
50
El Salvador, Proud Member of CAFTA
5 Cents to Sew Kathie Lee Pants The women earn
just 15 cents for every pair of 16.96 Kathie Lee
pants they sew. That means that wages amount to
only 9/10 of one percent of the retail price of
the garment.

People washing clothes in a lagoon. About half
the population of El Salvador lives below the
national poverty line.

51
Nicaragua 1983 The Contra AffairRonald Reagan vs
Daniel Ortega
Los presidentes de Venezuela, Hugo Chavez
Bolivia, Evo Morales Ecuador, Rafael Correa
Colombia, Alvaro Uribe y el Príncipe de España
Felipe de Borbon, en la posesión de Daniel
Ortega presidente de Nicaragua.

Inauguration of Daniel Ortega January, 2007

52
Invasion of Grenada 1986Ronald Reagan vs Hudson
Austin ( Fidel Castro)
After the invasion, Prime Minister Thatcher wrote
to President Reagan This action will be seen as
intervention by a Western country in the internal
affairs of a small independent nation, however
unattractive its regime. I ask you to consider
this in the context of our wider East-West
relations and of the fact that we will be having
in the next few days to present to our Parliament
and people the siting of Cruise missiles in this
country...I cannot conceal that I am deeply
disturbed by your latest communication
53
Panama1989 G.H.W.Bush vs Manual Noriega
The US attacked Panama in 1989, replacing
Manual Noriega. But in 1999 The last wave of
U.S. airmen pulled out of Panama as Howard Air
Force Base reverted to Panamanian control,
bringing eight decades of U.S. air power in the
Central American nation to a close. The
notorious School of the Americas was also closed.
It moved to Fort Benning, Georgia in 1984.
China has invested heavily in port facilities at
both ends of the Panama canal and is expected to
bid to buy the Howard Air Force base facilities.

54
Haiti and the School of the AssassinsSchool of
the Americas The Haitian Caseby Adrianne Aron

.. Training for Regime Change
In 1991, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was inaugurated
as President of Haiti. Eight months later,
CIA-operative Michel Francois, Chief of Haiti's
National Police and founder of the Anti-Gang Unit
that routinely tortured prisoners to death, led a
coup that drove President Aristide from office.
Francois was a graduate of Ft. Benning's Infantry
School. Philippe Biamby, a fellow leader of the
coup, had also been trained at Ft. Benning's
Infantry School, while Raoul Cedras, the coup
leader who took control after the democratic
government was ousted, was a graduate of Ft.
Benning's School of the Americas.
During the Cedras regime, on September 11, 1993,
Sacre Coeur Church in Port-au-Prince was
commemorating the fifth anniversary of the
massacre at St. Jean Bosco. In full view of the
media and human rights observers, a paramilitary
death squad dragged businessman Antoine Izméry, a
prominent Aristide supporter, out to the
sidewalk, and shot him through the head. The
following year, Aristide supporter Father
Jean-Marie Vincent was gunned down in
Port-au-Prince. When he'd led a peasant land
reform movement some years before, the massacre
of hundreds of peasants had made no impression on
Washington, nor had the violent death of more
than 5,000 people during the bloody Cedras years
attracted much notice.
René Garcia Préval vice president under Aristide
was elected President in 2006 with UN conducted
elections.

55
Plan Colombia, 1997
F A R C
56
For Immediate ReleaseMarch 27, 2003

Forty-nine countries are publicly committed to
the Coalition, including
Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Australia,
Azerbaijan Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech
Republic Denmark, Dominican Republic, El
Salvador, Eritrea Estonia, Ethiopia, Georgia,
Honduras, Hungary, Iceland Italy, Japan, Kuwait,
Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia Marshall Islands,
Micronesia, Mongolia, Netherlands Nicaragua,
Palau, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Portugal
Romania, Rwanda, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon
Islands South Korea, Spain, Tonga, Turkey,
Uganda, Ukraine United Kingdom, United States,
Uzbekistan

As of August 23, 2006, there were 21 non-U.S.
military forces contributing armed forces to the
Coalition in Iraq. These 21 countries were
Albania, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic,
Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Georgia,
Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia,
Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, South Korea,
and the United Kingdom.
57
Firms tap Latin Americans for IraqMarch 3, 2005

Private security firms contracted with the
Pentagon and the State Department are dipping
into experienced pools of trained fighters
throughout Central and South America for their
new recruits. With better pay than what they can
earn at home, some 1,000 Latin Americans are
working in Iraq today, estimates the Washington
Office on Latin America (WOLA). These recruits
are joined by thousands of others - from the US
and Britain, as well as from Fiji, the
Philippines, India and beyond. Close to 20,000
armed personnel employed by private contractors
are estimated to be operating in Iraq, making up
the second largest foreign armed force in the
country, after the US.
Throughout Latin America there have been numerous
press reports of contracting and subcontracting
firms recruiting in Chile, Colombia, Nicaragua,
Guatemala, and El Salvador. Each of the countries
has had recent - and in Colombia's case, ongoing
- wars, which make for large pools of experienced
military and police.
Joe Mayo, a spokesman for Triple Canopy, a
security company based in Lincolnshire, Ill.,
confirmed that the firm is recruiting in El
Salvador but declined to give any detailed
information. "Everything we do is legal," he
stressed in a phone interview, "but we are a
private company. The minute you divulge your
numbers of employees and your methods of
recruiting, you become less competitive."

OFF TO WAR Sgt. Roberto Arturo Lopez, a shooting
instructor at El Salvador's police academy, will
receive 3,200 a month - nearly four times his
current salary - to provide private security in
Iraq.
58
Costa Rica Newest CAFTA Member?

Trade with South East Asia and Russia has boomed
during 2004 and 2005

Jan 2008 Trade officials from Costa Rica and
China on Friday concluded their first technical
meeting on a possible free trade agreement (FTA)
between the two countrieswith the volume hitting
2.6 billion U.S. dollars from January to November
in 2007.
Oscar Arias
The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 For role in Guatemala
Peace Accord
Costa Ricas Electronic Cluster
59
Chile 9/11,1973Nixon vs Allende
Michelle Bachelet with father and mother
Isabel Allende

A US-backed military coup overthrew Allende on
September 11, 1973. As the armed forces bombarded
the presidential Palace (Palacio de La Moneda),
Allende reportedly committed suicide. A military
government, led by General Agusto Pinochet
Ugarte, took over control of the country. The
first years of the regime were marked by serious
human rights violations. On October 1973, at
least 70 people were murdered by the Caravan of
Death. At least a thousand people were executed
during the first six months of Pinochet in
office, and at least two thousand more were
killed during the next sixteen years, as reported
by the Rettig Report. ..
In January 2006 Chileans elected their first
woman president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the
Socialist Party. She was sworn in on March 11,
2006, extending the Concertación coalition
governance for another four years.

60
Chile hunger strike puts focus on Indians'
plight Jailed activist Patricia Troncoso has had
no solid food for 100-plus days, and is seeking
release of Mapuche prisoners and return of
ancestral lands. January 28, 2008
61
Continuing high demand for copper underpins the
prospects for BHP's giant Escondida mine in
Chile.Photo BHP Billiton Group

21/08/2006 ANTOFAGASTA, Chile (Reuters) - A
strike at Chiles Escondida copper mine, the
worlds biggest mined deposit of the red metal,
entered its third week on Monday after workers
rejected a sweetened wage and benefits deal from
the company.
Copper belongs to Chile, not to the foreigners,"
workers chanted late on Sunday after singing
Chiles national anthem and rejecting the company
offer in a show of hands

62
Chile and China sign trade deal

22 August 2006 China and Chile have signed a
free-trade agreement, Beijing's first in South
America. The deal will give China better access
to Chile's extensive natural resources, such as
copper, while Chile will be able to target the
vast Chinese market.
Chilean president Michelle Bachelet said the deal
was a "milestone" in the country's economic
expansion.
China is rapidly increasing trade deals in the
developing world to help fuel its surging demand
for raw materials.
'Beneficial'
Chile is an ideal free-trade partner for Beijing,
as while China is now the world's biggest
consumer of copper, Chile is the largest
producer of the metal
"We are convinced that a treaty of this nature
will be to the benefit of most Chileans," said Ms
Bachelet.
The treaty will free 92 of Chile's exports to
China from customs tariffs, and remove Chilean
tariffs on 50 of China's exports.
Other Chilean exports will remain subject to
ongoing tariffs for between five and 10 years.
Chilean exports to China totalled 4.6bn (2.4bn)
last year, while those moving in the other
direction amounted to 2.5bn

Michelle Bachelet
At Asian Summit with Canadian PM
With UAE Delegation
63
Second, deepening cooperation on cooper resources
and achieving mutual benefit and win-win outcome.
The China-Chile cooperation on copper resources
is of strategic significance and plays a critical
role in the bilateral economic and trade
cooperation. Each year 50 of Chilean copper is
sold to China, accounting for almost half of the
total bilateral trade volume. We are glad to see
that in February this year China Minmetals
Corporation, China Development Bank and Codelco
signed the joint investment and financing
agreement on developing the copper resources in
Chile and the total investment in the first phase
is US550 million. It is the first time for
Chinese businesses to cooperate with the largest
copper company in the world on overseas resources
development, opening a new chapter in China-Chile
copper resources cooperation.

China replaces U.S. as Chile's biggest export
destination
China replaced the United States in 2007 as
Chile's biggest export destination, according to
statistics released Tuesday by Chile's customs
authorities.
The figures show Chile's export volume recorded a
14.7-percent rise in 2007, totaling 65.484
billion U.S. dollars, while exports to China
reached 10.172 billion U.S. dollars, accounting
for 15.5 percent of the total and making China
its biggest export destination.
Meanwhile, China also became Chile's second
biggest import source country, following just
behind the United States after surpassing
Argentina and Brazil, the statistics show.
Chilean entrepreneurs attribute the rapid growth
of Chile-China trade to the free trade agreement
with China which came into effect in 2006.
Cristian Garcia Lorca, chair of the Chile-China
Trade Association, said there is still room for a
further increase despite the rapid growth, and
that Chilean businesses should make collective
efforts to diversify the country's exports to
China. Xinhua News Agency. January 24, 2008

64
George W. Bush vs Hugo Chavez2000- 2008
65
(j) New Efforts stirring Military Confrontations

With the US election coming in November, 2008,
the race is coming down between a Super Power
republican candidate, John McCain, and more
internationally inclined democrats, Hillary
Clinton and Barak Obama. Since America spends far
more than any other nation on military, it would
be an advantage to the Super Power side to have
many war against terrorists ongoing. Ongoing wars
in Afghanistan and Iraq seem to be stalemated,
and the confrontation with Iran is still in UN
conference.
This week (March 3, 2008) two new
confrontations were initiated by U.S. and its
allies. In South America, Ecuador was invaded by
Colombia to kill a senior FARC leader, while
Ecuador negotiated with FARC for release of more
hostages. Ecuador and Venezuela immediately moved
troops to their borders with Colombia while
Brazil, Peru, Ecuador,and Venezuela cut
diplomatic ties. The Organization of American
States (OAS) has condemned the invasion and is
investigating. It seems to be solidifying the
South American nations against our sole ally
there but the next few weeks will tell.The US of
course has major oil interests in Colombia.
In North Africa US special forces flew into
Northern Somalia and killed 4 to 6 people,
seeking Al Queda sympathizers. The US special
forces were part of the US military African
Command stationed in Kenya, where the US ally,
President Kibaki, is in a contested election
against the more liberal Raila Odinga. The US
also has oil interests in Somalia and has plans
to expand its African Command to include the
entire continent.

66
Plan Colombia, 1997
F A R C
67
New Role for U.S. in Colombia Protecting a Vital
Oil Pipeline NY Times, October 4, 2002

Their mission has nothing to do with drugs --
until now, the defining issue in Colombia for
American policy makers -- but instead with
protecting a pipeline that carries crude to an
oil-hungry America.
The 500-mile pipeline, which snakes through
eastern Colombia, transporting 100,000 barrels of
oil a day for Occidental Petroleum of Los
Angeles, is emerging as a new front in the terror
war. One of Colombia's most valuable assets, the
pipeline has long been vulnerable to bombings by
Colombia's guerrilla groups, which along with the
country's paramilitary outfits are included on
the Bush administration's list of terrorist
organizations.
Sometime in the next month, in a significant
shift in American policy, United States Special
Forces will arrive in Colombia to begin laying
the groundwork for the training of Lieutenant
Zúñiga and his 35-man squad in the finer arts of
counterinsurgency. Over the next two years, 10
American helicopters will bolster the Colombian
counterinsurgency efforts, and some 4,000 more
troops will receive American training, which will
begin in earnest in January, Bush administration
and American military officials said in
interviews in recent days.

Bogotá, Colombia March 3, 2008
Ecuador and Venezuela say they are moving
thousands of troops to Colombia's borders, a day
after Colombian forces killed a leftist rebel
leader in Ecuadorean territory. Colombia later
charged that high-ranking Ecuadorean officials
met recently with the slain rebel, Raúl Reyes, to
accommodate the guerrillas' presence there.

LIMA, March 3 (Xinhua) -- Peruvian President
Alan Garcia said Monday that Colombia's incursion
into the Ecuadorian territory to attack Colombian
rebels was "unacceptable," calling on the
Organization of American States to clarify what
anti-terror measures are appropriate.
Garcia said he would not allow such a thing
to happen in Peru, adding that Colombia has
clearly violated international laws.
"There should be a clear commitment that none
intervenes inside another nation's territory," he
said.
Ecuador broke off diplomatic relations with
Colombia on Monday, 48 hours after Colombian
police and military officials killed rebels from
that nation's largest rebel group, the
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), at
a camp in Ecuador 3 km from the border.
Ecuador says the Colombian military aircraft
trespassed at least 10 km from the border.
The raid killed 21 FARC fighters, including
Edgar Devia, better known by his alias Raul
Reyes, FARC's No. 2 official and the
organization's official spokesman.
Ecuador's army sent troops on Monday to its
northern border with Colombia to boost security.

BRASILIA, March 3 (Reuters) - Brazil's foreign
minister on Monday condemned a Colombian military
strike on rebels inside Ecuador and called on
Bogota to offer an explicit apology.
"The territorial violation is very serious and
needs to be condemned," Foreign Minister Celso
Amorim said in Brasilia. "Brazil condemns any
territorial violation."Amorim also said the
Colombian government should offer an "explicit"
apology to contain the growing crisis prompted by
the weekend raid, in which Colombian forces
struck at a FARC rebel camp inside Ecuador.
He called for the Organization of American States
(OAS) regional body to set up a committee to
investigate the circumstances of the attack,
which included air strikes and ground combat.
Senior FARC leader Raul Reyes was killed.
The incident has flared into the most dangerous
dispute in Latin America for years. Venezuela and
Ecuador sent troops to their borders with
Colombia on Sunday and downgraded diplomatic
ties.
A more explicit apology to Ecuador for the
territorial violation would help contain the
crisis," said Amorim, whose country is a regional
diplomatic power and shares a border with both
Colombia and Venezuela.

71
Nicaragua breaks ties with Colombia Published
Thursday 06 March 2008Radio Netherlands

Managua - Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega has
announced that he is breaking off relations with
Colombia. He says the move is in response to the
"political terrorism" of Colombia's president
Alvaro Uribe.
On Saturday, Colombian troops crossed the border
into Ecuador and killed 17 FARC guerrillas,
including the Colombian rebel group's second in
command. Earlier, Ecuador and Venezuela broke off
ties with Colombia.
The Nicaraguan president's announcement followed
a visit to the country by Ecuador's President
Rafael Correa, who is visiting five countries in
the region. Ecuador's president is calling on the
international community to condemn unequivocally
Colombia's cross-border operation against the
FARC rebel movement. Ecuador says its efforts to
help free hostages held by the FARC have been
thwarted by the Colombian incursion. The United
States has appealed to the countries involved to
settle the dispute by means of dialogue.

72
Regional Bloc Criticizes Colombia Raid in
EcuadorNew York Times, March 6, 2008

CARACAS, Venezuela The Organization of American
States approved a resolution on Wednesday
declaring the Colombian military raid into
Ecuador a violation of sovereignty, in a move
aimed at easing a diplomatic crisis in the Andes
involving Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
The resolution was approved in Washington after
talks in which the United States was the
hemispheres only nation explicitly supporting
Colombia, a top Bush administration ally. The
measure stopped short of condemning Colombia for
the raid, which took place on Saturday and killed
24 guerrillas, including a senior commander of
the rebel group FARC in Colombia. We consider
this agreement a triumph for the concept that
every nations territory cannot be violated
whatever the reason, María Isabel Salvador,
Ecuadors foreign minister, said in a telephone
interview from Washington. Ecuador is a peaceful
country that had been dragged into this
unfortunate situation.
While the resolution allows both Colombia and
Ecuador to save face and begin to repair
relations strained this week, it fails to address
some of the broader implications of Colombias
raid. Foremost among these is the emphatic
support for Colombias guerrillas expressed by
President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela.

Sept, 2006 Financial times. Colombia has become a
hot spot for oil and gas exploration in Latin
America as energy multinationals face
increasingly hostile business conditions
elsewhere in the region, industry experts say.
A steep and sustained fall in guerrilla attacks
under President Alvaro Uribe, who began a second
four-year term this month, and a reduction in tax
rates are key attractions. The favourable
investment climate contrasts with those of other
countries in the region, such as Venezuela,
Bolivia and Ecuador, where governments have as
much as doubled the tax and royalty rates levied
on foreign-owned operations and, in some cases,
expropriated assets.

"For the eastern portion of Africa, Kenya is
critical," said retired Marine Lt. Gen. Michael
DeLong, a former deputy commander of U.S. Central
Command, which oversees U.S. military operations
on the Horn of Africa.
"They are strategically located in the area
bordering Somalia," he said. "They were critical
for us in Somalia in the early 1990s. Without
them, we could not have operated. They allowed us
to use their bases while we were conducting
operations in and out of Somalia, and they still
allow us to use those bases today.
A failed state in Kenya, as exists in Somalia,
would erase "one of the top friendly militaries
to the United States in Africa," the retired
three-star general said.
The prospect of a destabilized Kenya arose in
recent weeks in the aftermath of a contested Dec.
27 election that kept President Mwai Kibaki in
power. International observers reported
ballot-counting irregularities. Street violence
broke out in the capital of Nairobi, killing more
than 300.
Alarmed, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
dispatched her top African diplomat to Kenya to
urge reconciliation between the opposing parties.
U.S. envoy Jendayi E. Frazer met Saturday with
Mr. Kibaki, who announced a power-sharing
proposal in an effort to end the crisis.

75
Somalis protest after U.S. missile attack

MOGADISHU, March 4, 2008 (Reuters) - Hundreds of
residents of a remote town in southern Somalia
staged an anti-American demonstration on Tuesday
after the United States launched an air strike
against "a known al Qaeda terrorist" there.
The town of Dobley was hit by two missiles on
Monday in the fourth U.S. strike in 14 months
against Somalia, where Washington says local
Islamists are sheltering wanted al Qaeda leaders.
Demonstrators in the small town on the
Somali-Kenyan border said 600 people took part.
"We don't want the Americans because they are
against our religion and culture. Down with
America," shouted Mohamed Deq, one of the
protesters.
District commissioner Ali Hussein Nur told
Reuters by telephone "Since the American
government admitted bombing our town, where
people and livestock were killed and properties
damaged, it must pay compensation."
The exact toll from Monday's attack was unclear.
Nur said on Monday that six people were killed,
but a local resident, Fatuma Omar, said on
Tuesday that only four were wounded.
Residents of Dobley said they believed the
missiles were targeting senior Islamist leaders
meeting nearby.

MOGADISHU, Somalia, Jan. 11,2007 (AP) A top
American official in the Horn of Africa said
Thursday that none of the suspected members of Al
Qaeda believed to be hiding in Somalia died in
the American airstrike this week, but added that
Somalis with close ties to the terrorist group
were killed.
Somali officials said Wednesday that Fazul
Abdullah Mohammed, a main suspect in the bombings
of the American Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
in 1998, had been killed in the American attack.

Puntland is believed to have all the geological
requirements to become a commercial oil-producing
region. Somalia, and in particular Puntland
remains one of the last under-explored countries
that has a high potential for considerable
reserves of hydrocarbons.
77
China and U.S. Square-Off Over African Resources
Jul 11, 2007 By Bright B Simons, Evans Lartey
and Franklin CudjoeTitans make Africa their
stomping ground

ACCRA, Ghana - Last month, the administration of
US President George W Bush gave itself about 18
months to establish a unified military command
for the entire African continent save for those
parts of North Africa, notably Egypt, vital to
Americas strategic Middle East goals.The US
diplomatic machine in Africa was thus revved up
to ensure a successful rollout of the plan.
Recent events, not helped by former ambassador
John Boltons antics at the United Nations, may
cause some to dismiss the efficacy of US
diplomacy to achieve anything beyond elite
acquiescence. But those who think so would do
well to recall Americas long-standing ability to
ingratiate itself with supposed inferiors when
the geopolitics is right.
As everyone knows, having been served with daily
reminders for many months now, China too is on a
diplomatic offensive across Africa. A crucial
component of that diplomacy has to do with
military cooperation.So assuming that these
campaigns are no blips on the radar and that both
superpowers are equipped to be successful in the
diplomatic struggle, what will follow from that
in terms of actual practical results on the
ground?How will Beijing react to the United
States sudden enthusiasm in expanding its
military presence in Africa? Will Chinese rulers
take the word of Americas pro-administration
theorists for it, that this has nothing to do
with China per se but is entirely the result of
growing US reliance on West Africas cleaner
(both chemically and politically) petroleum and
its security concerns in the Horn of Africa?

78
The price of a barrel of oil has hit a record
high of 102.59 in New York because of strong
demand and the further weakening of the dollar.
(February 28, 2008) BBC

(h) Using Oil Profits to make World Trade Fair.
As seen in previous sections despite U.S.
attempts to control world wealth militarily and
economically, these plans have failed. Nations
around the world have regained or are regaining
control. One of the most dramatic reversals is
control of energy resources. The OPEC nations and
Russia now control the bulk. The price of this
commodity is increasing steadily because of its
full depletion expected in less than 50 years.
The result will be a dramatic shift in economic
power from the US to the other nations of the
world.The windfall profits will amount to at
least twice the annual GDP of the richest 8
nations. (Those rough estimates were based on
50/barrel with 100/barrel the profits will be
over six time the G8s annual GDP.)
The OPEC members have already established a
mechanism, OFID, to invest in development.
Through that and direct investments of at least
10 of the windfall we expect the OPEC members
investment to develop alternatives to the
petroleum as it runs out, reverse global warming,
and replace the colonial and neo-liberal trade
with balanced, fair and sustainable trade.
In our studies we have sought projects for such
investments in the areas of Energy Trade,
Clothing and Textile Trade, Food Trade, and
investments for Peace through UN interventions.
These opportunities draw on agreements that have
evolved in the UN and EU, assuming the United
States will soon join the efforts.

79
Leaders of the Next Generation of Economic Power
Meeting in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Ecuador
Iran
Nigeria
Angola
Venezuela
80
Total Consumption82,234,918 bbl/day 30,000
million bbl/yrTotal Reserves1.3174 trillion
barrels (January 2007)1.3174 trillion/ 30
million/yr43.9 years
81
World proven crude oil reserves by country, 2006
(m b)All Countries listed are current members of
OPEC except Russia, Brazil has indicated intent
to join.

Saudi Arabia 264,251.0
Iraq 115,000.0
Iran, I.R. 138,400.0
Kuwait 101,500.0
UAE 97,800.0
Venezuela 87,035.1
Nigeria 36,220.0
Libya, S.P.A.J. 41,464.0
Algeria 12,200.0
Qatar 15,207.0
Angola 9,035.0
Indonesia 4,370.3
Ecuador 4,664.0
Brazil 12,182.0
Former USSR 128,254.0

82
Investment in Development

About 50/barrel of profit will total 50 x 1.3
trillion 65 trillion world-wide over the 44
years. About 1.5 trillion/yr
The G8 rich nations had supposedly committed
0.7 of their GDP to development. That totals
0.2 trillion/year with only 13 of windfall oil
profit OFID and OPC members could meet the
promised G8 goals by investing in world
development projects.
Below are the G8 GDPs for last year.
Canada 1,275,273 million
France 2,252,213 million
Germany 2,915,867 million
Italy 1,852,585 million
Japan 4,366,459 million
Russia 984,925 million
United Kingdom 2,398,946 million
United States 13,194,700 million
G8 total ------- 29,000,000 million 29
trillion. x 0.0070.2 trillion

83
With scarcity pricing giving approximately
50/barrel profit each of these nations has the
following investment power in the next 50 years
or so.I suggest that they can invest a portion
of it, say 10 in projects that win friends.