FREIGHT TRANSPORT ENERGY USE AND EMISSION TRENDS IN SPAIN

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FREIGHT TRANSPORT ENERGY USE AND EMISSION TRENDS
IN SPAIN

• Pedro José Pérez-Martínez

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INTRODUCTION

• GHG Spain's freight transportation 8.9 (total)
  and 35 (transportation sector)
• Spain trading country 56 GDP exports and imports
• Shift towards processed and manufactured products
• Reviews energy use and emission trends 1990-2012
• Decomposition analyses and scenarios techniques
• Factors and measures decrease energy use and
  emissions

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MATERIAL AND METHODS
National transport, energy and environment
statistics

• Energy use by transport mode (J)
• Freight activity (t, tkm, vkm)
• Energy consumption by fuel/energy type (J)
• CO2 emissions by transport mode (ktCO2eq.)
• Economy (GDP 1995 M) and demography
  (popullation)

, Ef energy mode j and fuel f, Et total energy
and
, w1 and w2 weightings
, Ai,j activity, Ii,j intensity and Si,j share
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Decomposition analyses (Schipper et al. 1997 and
Steenhof et al. 2006)
, Ci,j emissions and Fi,f carbon rate fuel
, ?C0,i emiss. change activity
, ?C0,i emissions change share
, ?C0,i emissions change intensity
, ?C0,i residual term
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Freight transport demand and GDP in Spain
Source Pérez-Martínez and Monzón de Cáceres
(2006).
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THE SPANISH FREIGHT SECTOR

• Transportation services 6,5 GDP (2004),
  increasing share manuf. prod.
• Manufactured products (2004) 31,9 (tkm), 12,3
  (t), 10,6 (operations)
• Trends freight transport follow economy
• Share of freight (2004) road (84), marine
  (10), rail (3)
• Energy freight transport (2004) 546 PJ (63
  diesel, 56 increment 1990)
• Energy transport (2004) 26,8 primary energy,
  21 freight (8,9 p.e. )

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Activity, intensity and emissions of freight
transport in Spain (1990-2004)
Road improved efficiency not significantly
Efficiency gains resulted increasing size ships
Road hegemony, rail decline Increased trade man.
goods Just in time deliveries
Change activity explained change emissions
Source Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Inventario
Nacional de Emisiones (2006), Ministerio de
Fomento, Informe Anual Transporte y Servicios
Postales (2006) and self preparation
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Results of decomposition of freight carbon
emissions, 1990-2004
Emissions increased 56 (2004), explanatory
factor change activity (9 more
emissions), improvement fuel efficiency slightly
curtailed rise emissions
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SCENARIOS FOR 2012

• Business as usual (BAU) trends activity, energy
  intensity, fuel and modal shares continue to 2012
  Energy intensities fall
• Development Spanish Freight Railway (DSFR)
  increases share railway (18, 2012) and improved
  energy efficiency
• Road Efficiency and Biodiesel (REB) efficiency
  gains diesel engines (30) and penetration
  biodiesel engines (10 road energy)
• Scenarios same estimates future transport levels
  (27 increment 2004-2012), different mode shares
  and vehicle technology levels

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Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
freight sector 1990, 2004 and in the scenarios
for 2012
BAU emissions over 47 MtCO2eq. (?26 2004, ?96
1990)
DSFR (?10 2004, -6 MtCO2eq./year BAU), road
(?10), rail (?429 )
REB (?-6,5 2004, -61 MtCO2eq. BAU 2008-2012),
road (?-8,3), rail (?-4,6)
, marine (?-4,9), pipe
(?103), air (?35)
43,1 MtCO2eq. (-4,5 Mt BAU, 2012)
27,9 MtCO2eq. (?15 1990, 2008-2012) emissions
lower REB no increase activity
Possibilities using bigger or high performance
vehicles not examined in scenarios
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Energy and fuel costs impacts under freight
sector scenarios, road only (2012)
REB savings 158 PJ/year (7,9 energy used
transport Spain)
DSFR savings 112 PJ/year, 2310 M/year (-29 and
-25 REB)
Note fuel prices constant at 2004 levels
diesel 0,75 /l, gasoline 0,89 /l, biodiesel
0,82 /l 1 MJ is equal to the energy content of
0,025 liters of diesel, 0,028 liters of gasoline
and 0,029 liters of biodiesel at lower heating
value Information is based on Ministerio de
Industria, Turismo y Comercio (2004) and
Johansson (1995) Annual net savings from BAU,
include exclusively fuel cost
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CO2 emissions per GDP by major end use in Spain,
1990-2004
GDP related increasing activity, emissions
transport (tCO2eq. per GDP), ?15
1990-2004, Agriculture and environment,
-?19 Industry, ?2 Waste treatment, disposal and
non industrial plants, ?13
Source Pérez-Martínez (2005) Note CO2
emissions of different economic sectors includes
all the SNAP groups. Industry includes groups 1,
3, 4, 5 and 6. Transport includes groups 7 and 8.
Agriculture and environment includes groups 10
and 11. Others includes groups 2 and 9.
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Road freight energy consumption and fuel price in
Spain, 1990-2004. Diesel (78) and gasoline
prices (22) weighted by consumption.
Weak inverse relation fuel price and energy Low
diesel price relative gasoline Weight
regulations/Tolls/Wages/ affect operating costs
more than fuel (is only one factor)
Source Pérez-Martínez (2006) Note In Spain,
gasoline is only important to fueling a share of
light duty vehicles. Heavy duty vehicles use
mostly diesel.
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DISCUSSION

• GDP related increasing activity despite decrease
  energy intensity
• Fuel price slightly affected changes road freight
  activity and energy consumption weak inverse
  relation fuel price and intensity
• Carbon emissions restrained reducing activity,
  changing modal share, improving utilization and
  technology (propulsion, fuel mix) activity
  accounts 10 total costs and 15 total energy
• Trend towards road on expenses of rail due to
  inherent differences geography, distance and
  transport policies fuel changes could influence
  share towards lower energy costs and higher
  efficiencies
• Energy efficiency influenced by technology,
  optimization strategies and policy measures
  increment intermodal combinations could increase
  load factors and decrease energy intensities
• Reduce carbon emissions through switching to
  fuels with lower carbon emissions per unit of
  energy use of alternative fuels constrained by
  high prices

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CONCLUSIONS

• Freight transport energy use and corresponding
  CO2 emissions increased faster than other sectors
  in Spain (56, 41 above Kyoto Protocol)
• Analysis of growth trends increased activity,
  maintenance modal shares, little changes fuel
  efficiency, continual changes energy use and CO2
  emissions
• Scenarios asset CO2 emissions reduced by 6,5 by
  2012 (REB) if road diesel vehicles experiment 30
  increase in efficiency road fuel 158 PJ and cost
  savings 3099 M
• Freight growth coupled with economical growth
  share of manufactured products increased together
  with distances travelled and environmental
  problems

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THANKS !
Pedro José Pérez-MartínezTransport Research
Center TRANSyT, UPME-mail pjperez_at_caminos.upm.
esHomepage http//www.transyt.upm.es