Unit 7, Part 1 Notes

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Unit 7, Part 1 Notes

• DNA, RNA,
• Protein Synthesis

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DNA RNA

• Nucleic Acids are the macromolecules of life that
  store genetic information
• Base unit is a NUCLEOTIDE
• Contains
• 5-Carbon Sugar
• Phosphate Group
• A Nitrogen Base Adenine, Thymine, Cytosise,
  Guanine, or Uracil

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DNA RNA
Phosphate Group
5-Carbon Sugar
Nitrogen Bases
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Nucleotide

• DNA and RNA are made of thousands of nucleotides

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DNA

• DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Its structure was determined by the scientists
  Watson and Crick in 1953
• Structure
• 5-Carbon Sugar Deoxyribose
• Phosphate Group
• Nitrogen Base Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine
  (G), or Cytosine (C)

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DNA

• Each nucleotide is bonded to another nucleotide
  to make a strand
• Two (2) stands of nucleotides are held together
  with HYDROGEN bonds to form a DOUBLE HELIX
  (Twisted Ladder) shape

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DNA

• The 5-carbon sugars and phosphates alternate as a
  backbone or as the sides of the ladder

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DNA

• Nitrogen base pairs form the rungs of the
  ladder
• A pairs with T
• C pairs with G

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DNA

• Double Helix

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DNA Practice

• What is the sequence of bases on the
  complementary strands of each DNA below
• A T T C A G

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DNA Practice

• What is the sequence of bases on the
  complementary strands of each DNA below
• A T T C A G
• T

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DNA Practice

• What is the sequence of bases on the
  complementary strands of each DNA below
• A T T C A G
• T A

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DNA Practice

• What is the sequence of bases on the
  complementary strands of each DNA below
• A T T C A G
• T A A

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DNA Practice

• What is the sequence of bases on the
  complementary strands of each DNA below
• A T T C A G
• T A A G

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DNA Practice

• What is the sequence of bases on the
  complementary strands of each DNA below
• A T T C A G
• T A A G T

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DNA Practice

• What is the sequence of bases on the
  complementary strands of each DNA below
• A T T C A G
• T A A G T C

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DNA Practice

• What is the sequence of bases on the
  complementary strands of each DNA below
• G C C T A G A
• C T A G G C A A C T G

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DNA Practice

• What is the sequence of bases on the
  complementary strands of each DNA below
• G C C T A G A
• C G G A T C T
• C T A G G C A A C T G

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DNA Practice

• What is the sequence of bases on the
  complementary strands of each DNA below
• G C C T A G A
• C G G A T C T
• C T A G G C A A C T G
• G A T C C G T T G A C

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DNA Replication

• DNA is able to make copies of itself through the
  process of replication
• a) the DNA double helix unwinds and unzips
• b) the original strands serve as templates for
  new nucleotides to join
• c) 6000 sites on one molecule can be replicated
  as the same time

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DNA Replication

• How long does it take to replicate one DNA
  molecule?
• a few minutes
• Why is it so fast?
• Enzymes speed it up
• Where does replication occur?
• Nucleus of cell
• When does replication occur?
• Before the cell divides

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DNA Replication

• Click here to view DNA Replication

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RNA

• RNA Ribonucleic Acid
• Structure
• 5-Carbon Sugar Ribose
• Phosphate Group
• Nitrogen Base Adenine (A), Uracile (U), Guanine
  (G), or Cytosine (C)
• Only one (1) strand of nucleotides

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RNA
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Types of RNA

• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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mRNA

• Messenger RNA (mRNA) - single, uncoiled strand
  that provides information from DNA during protein
  synthesis

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tRNA

• Transfer RNA (tRNA ) - single, folded strand that
  delivers amino acids to the ribosomes during
  synthesis

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rRNA

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - globular RNA that makes
  up the structure of the ribosome

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Protein Synthesis

• Protein Synthesis is the process by which
  proteins are made in the cell
• Transcription
• Translation

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Protein Synthesis

• Transcription - process by which RNA is made from
  the information stored in the DNA
• How does it happen?
• DNA unwinds/unzips and RNA nucleotides pair up
  with the DNA nitrogen bases to form a strand of
  mRNA
• Where does it occur?
• Nucleus

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Transcription

• Click here to view Transcription

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• G T A A C G A

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• G T A A C G A
• C

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• G T A A C G A
• C A

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• G T A A C G A
• C A U

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• G T A A C G A
• C A U U

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• G T A A C G A
• C A U U G

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• G T A A C G A
• C A U U G C

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• G T A A C G A
• C A U U G C U

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• A C C T G A G
• C C G A T A T G

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• A C C T G A G
• U G G A C U C
• C C G A T A T G

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Transcription Practice

• Given the DNA strand below, what RNA sequence
  will form?
• A C C T G A G
• U G G A C U C
• C C G A T A T G
• G G C U A U A C

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Protein Synthesis

• Translation - process by which protein is made
  from the info in mRNA
• Where does it occur?
• Ribosomes
• Codon - sequence of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA that
  code for an amino acid (there are 20 amino acids
  that build proteins)
• example GAU
• Anticodon - sequence of 3 nitrogen bases on tRNA
  that is complementary to the codon
• example CUA

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Translation

• The process
• 1. mRNA moves out of the nucleus to the ribosome
• 2. tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes
  according to the codons directions
• 3. the amino acids join together with peptide
  bonds to form polypeptides which come together to
  form proteins

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Translation

• Click here to view Translation

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Protein Synthesis

• Gene region of DNA that directs the formation
  of a protein.
• The genetic code is determines by the sequence of
  nitrogen bases

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Review of Protein Synthesis
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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• AUG CCG AAU

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• AUG CCG AAU
• Methionine

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• AUG CCG AAU
• Methionine Proline

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• AUG CCG AAU
• Methionine Proline Asparagine

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• AUG CCG AAU
• Methionine Proline Asparagine

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• GUA - GGA - UCC - UGG
• AAA - CAG - UAU - UUU

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• GUA - GGA - UCC - UGG
• Valine
• AAA - CAG - UAU - UUU

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• GUA - GGA - UCC - UGG
• Valine Glycine
• AAA - CAG - UAU - UUU

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• GUA - GGA - UCC - UGG
• Valine Glycine Serine
• AAA - CAG - UAU - UUU

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• GUA - GGA - UCC - UGG
• Valine Glycine Serine - Tryptophan
• AAA - CAG - UAU - UUU

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• GUA - GGA - UCC - UGG
• Valine Glycine Serine - Tryptophan
• AAA - CAG - UAU - UUU
• Lysine

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• GUA - GGA - UCC - UGG
• Valine Glycine Serine - Tryptophan
• AAA - CAG - UAU - UUU
• Lysine Gluctamine

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• GUA - GGA - UCC - UGG
• Valine Glycine Serine - Tryptophan
• AAA - CAG - UAU - UUU
• Lysine Gluctamine Tyrosine

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Protein Synthesis Practice

• Use the chart on your orange divider or the p.
  174 in the text to determine the amino acid
  sequence
• GUA - GGA - UCC - UGG
• Valine Glycine Serine - Tryptophan
• AAA - CAG - UAU - UUU
• Lysine Gluctamine Tyrosine - Phenylalanine

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Summary
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Unit 7, Part 1 Notes

• DNA, RNA,
• Protein Synthesis