Getting Started

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Getting Started with Cell Biology!
Gaelan Connell Philip Edgcumbe May 27th,
2005 Block D
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Nucleus

• Function
• - Stores and preserves genetic material (DNA).
• DNA controls all cellular activities by
  directing protein synthesis.
• DNA controls cell division (mitosis).
• Daughter cells each get a copy of the original
  DNA.

City Hall
Description/Location Surrounded by double
membrane which has openings called NUCLEAR PORES.
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Nucleolus
Function - Makes ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which in
turn makes up a ribosome.
Description/Location - 1 or more clusters inside
a nucleus.
Faculty of Engineering
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Chromosomes
Description and Location - Chromosomes are the
library of the City of Life. - Chromosomes are
found in the nucleus. - In humans, 46 (23
pairs ) chromosomes make up the human genome (all
of DNA) -Each chromosome has genes on it.
Function - Chromosomes store genetic
information as DNA that make up genes. - During
transcription, mRNA copies the DNA code on the
chromosomes and then takes the copied code to the
ribosomes for protein synthesis based on the code.
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Nuclear Envelope
The walls and doors of the nucleus.
Function - The nuclear envelopes function is
to protect the nucleus. - Nuclear envelope is
selectively permeable. - It has nuclear pores
that allow certain substances in and out of the
nuclear envelope that would regularly not pass
through the nuclear envelope.
Description and Location - The nuclear envelope
is a membrane that surrounds the nucleus. -
There are nuclear pores throughout the nuclear
envelope.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Description/Location
• A canal-like network of membranes.
• Connected with the outer nuclear membrane and
  with the cell membrane.

The drugs are detoxified in special vesicles
called PEROXISOMES.
Function - Synthesizes lipids/lipid-like
substances (eg steroid hormones). - Has enzymes
that detoxify drugs.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Highway System

• Function
• Forms channels of communication within the cell.
• Temporarily stores the proteins made by the
  ribosomes.

• Description/Location
• A canal-like network of membranes.
• Connected with the outer nuclear membrane and
  with the cell membrane.
• Ribosomes are attached to the outer membrane of
  the E.R.

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RibosomesThe Engineer
Description/Location - Found in clusters in the
Cytoplasm.
Description/Location - Small granules found on
the Rough E.R.
Function - Manufacture proteins that are for
export.
Function- Manufacture proteins for use inside the
cell.
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VesiclesMinor Storage Transport

• Vesicles look like a clear area surrounded by a
  membrane.
• Vesicles store food, water, waste, proteins for
  export out of the cell, and lipids for export out
  of the cell.

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Vacuoles
A storage center and transport in the City of
Life.
Description and Location - Just a really big
vesicle - In plant cells there is one big central
vacuole. Animals usually dont have vacuoles.
Function - In plants, the vacuole stores water
and helps to support cell. (TURGOR PRESSURE)
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Golgi ApparatusThe Factory
Description and Location - A flattened stack of
membranous sacs - Looks like pancakes. -
Usually found towards the outer membrane of the
cell. - Convex side faces the nucleus.
Function - Receives vesicles containing protein
from the rough E.R. - Receives lipids from smooth
E.R. - sorts and packages (and modifies) theses
into SECRETORY VESICLES, which bud off the
golgi and leave through cell membrane.- The GOLGI
forms LYSOSOMES.
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria is the power plant of the City of
Life
Function - The mitochondria are the POWER
PLANTS of the cell - Enzymes found on the
CRISTAE carry out cellular respiration. -
Process by which food is burned with oxygen to
produce energy (ATP) for the cell. C6H12O6 O2
gt CO2 H2O
Description and Location - Have outer and inner
membrane - Inner membrane is highly folded. -
The folds (CRISTAE) give it greater surface area
on which chemical reaction take place - Many
are found in cells that are highly active.
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LysosomeThe Incinerator
Function 1) Intracellular digestion They
combine with other vesicles and digest their
contents 2) Autodigestion The lysosomes get rid
of damaged cell parts. 3) Cell suicide The
lysosomes can rupture and destroy the whole cell.
Description and Location - A special type of
vesicle - formed by pinching off the Golgi
apparatus. - Contains hydrolytic enzymes within
a membrane (so the cell doesnt digest itself.)
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Cell MembraneThe Wall

• Function
• To regulate the passage of substances going in
  and out of the cell.
• To detect chemical signals from other cells.
• Anchors proteins used in the transmission of
  molecules.

• Description/Location
• A thin and structured bilayer of phospholipids
  and protein molecules that envelop the cell.

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Microscopes

• Scanning Microscopes
• 3-D View
• Micrographs show amazing detail of surfaces
• Electrons bounce off

• Transmission Microscopes
• 2-D Slice through a sample
• Electrons are transmitted through the sample
• Greater resolution than scanning

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City of Life
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