LBCS: Landbased Classification Standards

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LBCSLand-based Classification Standards

• Sanjay Jeer, AICP
• American Planning Association

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Quiz How Do We Classify
Religious Public use Commercial Open space Vacant
land Institutional Semi-public use Cultural
resource Permanent housing Underground
storage Archeological resource Grave digging and
interment

• Cemeteries?
• Nursing homes?
• Mobile homes?
• Health club?
• Lofts?
• Parks?
• Vacant, undeveloped, open space?

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Whats the method to this madness?
Land-use function or purpose
Physical Activity
Site Development Character
Cultural resource
Institutional
Vacant land
Grave digging
Religious
Open space
Interment
Commercial
Public Use
Permanent housing
Semi-public use
Underground storage
Structural Character
Ownership
Archeological resource
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Most classifications have this mix of
characteristics

• Residential
• Single-family residential
• Attached
• Detached
• Semi-attached
• Duplex units
• Share a wall
• Share a floor
• Multifamily units
• 3-5 units, 6-12 units, etc.

Activity or function
Structural Characteristic
Density Characteristic
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Land-use classifications vary

• In their purposes
• Hence, only some arbitrary characteristics get
  categorized
• This creates land-use data that may not be usable
  by other applications.

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Standardizing land-use classifications starts with

• Finding purposes of land-use data
• Developing consistent categories
• Identifying land uses with appropriate categories
• Providing uniform codes for land uses and
  land-use categories

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LBCS project goals

• Standardize land-use classifications
• Recognize existing standards
• Exploit current technologies
• Prepare for change

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What do the goals mean?

• Standardize land-use categories across
• Scales (cities, counties, regions, etc.)
• Geography (parcels, traffic zones, etc.)
• Purposes (rural, urban, college towns, etc.)
• Provide tools for land-use data sharing
• Conversion, software, database, etc.
• Standardize land-use color codes
• Colors and cartographic standards
• Make it as flexible as possible

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In the beginning

• We realized that Guttenberg had developed
• a conceptual framework for classifying land uses
  by multiple characteristics
• a method for coding land uses by multiple
  characteristics

FOR MORE INFO...

• The Language of Planning by Albert Z. Guttenberg,
  University of Illinois Press, 1993.

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Land uses a structural view
LBCS Classifications and Coding Schemes
LBCS model accommodates all three modes of
planning
Abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and
commercial facilities where expansion or
redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived
environmental contamination.
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Conceptual view of LBCS categories
LBCS
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From concept to categories
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The five basic land-use dimensions

• Activity characteristics
• Functional characteristics
• Structural characteristics
• Site development characteristics
• Ownership characteristics

Land uses have several other characteristics. See
LBCS web site for more details.
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What else?

• Tied Guttenbergs conceptual framework to
  databases so land-use data can be shared across
• applications,
• jurisdictions, and
• variety of details
• Devised a model that allows customization of
  classifications without breaking the logic

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LBCS Data Model
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Activity Tabbed
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Function Tabbed
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Tree-view of LBCS dimensions
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Classifying a simple site
Flexible Dimensions
Hierarchical Coding
Classify any taxonomic unit
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Classifying a simple subdivision
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Classifying a simple aerial survey
Not Applicable to this dimension
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Classifying a simple image from remotely sensed
data
Note the dimensions not applicable to such
data sources
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LBCS multi-dimensionality
Guttenberg

• Flexible dimensions
• Hierarchical coding
• Classify any taxonomic unit
• Maintain links between
• Dimensions
• Characteristics
• Taxonomic units

Current Practice
Current data sources
The biggest missing link in land-use
classifications
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Classifying multiple uses
Add as many functions as necessary
Add as many dimensions as necessary
The linking field can be buildings, traffic
zones, census blocks, etc.
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Classifying multiple uses Entity-attribute
notation
LBCS does not require which fields to include in
land-use databases
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Multiple uses--shopping mall
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Database notation of multiple linked tables
Zoning, building and codes compliance
Emergency planners
Long-range planners
Demographic planners
Transportation planners
Rural development planners
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LBCS neither forces the unit of measurement nor
which dimensions to apply
Not all dimensions for all taxonomic units make
sense. Yes refers to the most appropriate
dimensions associated with a given taxonomic
unit, as reflected by current data collection
practices.
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LBCS coding in land-use databases
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Linking parcels to structures
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Multi-dimensional classification

• Activities to functions, structures, site,
  ownership, etc.
• Functions to activities, structures, site,
  ownership, etc. .
• One-to-many-to-many dimensions
• No one characteristic takes precedence over
  others (no mixed-use categories or
  predominant-use problems)

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Sample Coding--city Hall
Activity 2300 Office activity Function 6200
Public administration Structure 2100 Office
building Site 3200 Developed Site--with
building Ownership 4100 Local government
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Sample Coding--Military Base
Activity 3000 Industrial and warehousing Functio
n 3600 Software services Structure 2700
Warehouse or storage facility Site 2000
Developed Site--with structure Ownership 3000
Limited restrictions--lease
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Sample Coding--Military Base Office Use
Activity 3000 Industrial and warehousing Functio
n 3600 Software services Structure 2100 Office
building Site 2000 Developed Site--with
structure Ownership 3000 Limited
restrictions--lease
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Sample Coding--transportation Networks
Activity 5000 Travel and Movement Function 4000
Public transportation Structure 5000
Transportation-related facility Site 3200
Developed Site--with structure Ownership 4000
Public
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Highway interchange
Activity 5000 Travel and Movement Function 4000
Public transportation Structure 5131 Principal
arterial--Interstate Site 3200 Developed
Site--with structure Ownership 4000 Public
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Transportation--a simple example
Activity 5000 Travel and Movement Function 4000
Public transportation Structure 5131 Principal
arterial--Interstate Site 3200 Developed
Site--with structure Ownership 4000 Public
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Emergency Operations Center
Activity 4200 Emergency response Function 6430
Public safety services Structure 4530 Emergency
operations center Site 2000 Developed Site--with
building Ownership 4100 Local government
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Loft buildings with variety of uses
Activity Shopping Office Industrial Residenti
al Function Retail sales Professional
services Industrial services Residential Structu
re 2611 Loft buildings Site 2000 Developed
site Ownership 1000 Private
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Classifying agricultural uses
Activity Farming Livestock Pasturing,
grazing Residential Storage Function Crop
production Hog and pig farms Weed and pest
control Residential Structure Grain
silos Site Dev. site for crops Ownership Private

Agriculture uses are sometimes measured in
agricultural units
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Sample Coding--Alamo Historic Area
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Sample Coding--Complex Mixed Uses in San Antonio
Activity Transient living, shopping Function Ho
tels, Services, Restaurants Structure Housing,
Shops, etc. Site Developed Site, with w/out
struct. Ownership Private, public, easements,
lease
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Sample Coding--Residential Uses (prescriptive)
Activity Households, Office Function Residentia
l, Prof. Services, etc. Structure Single-family,
Office Site Developed Site, with w/out
struct. Ownership Private
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Sample Coding--Complex Open Space, Chicago
Lakefront
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Examples of multi-dimensionality

• Residential
• Home occupations? Nursing homes?
• Commercial
• Health Clubs? Hotels?
• Institutional--Military
• Bases, barracks, houses, schools, airports
• Recreational
• Tot-lots to national parks

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Specific multi-dimensional examples

• Local government
• Office activities
• Public administration function
• Jails, police stations
• Strip commercial
• Goods sales, services
• Offices, post office
• Storefront church
• Public School
• Classrooms, Playgrounds, Bus garages

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Database Perspective
Databases
Taxonomic Units
LBCS Dimensions
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GIS Perspective1
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GIS Perspective2
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GIS Perspective
Each layer represents a field in the land-use
database
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GIS Theme Activity
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GIS Theme Function
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GIS Theme Structure
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GIS Theme Ownership
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Color Code Activity
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Color Code Structure
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Define LBCS

• It is a consistent model
• Classifies land-use characteristics
• Extends the idea of multiple dimensions
• Each dimension has a coding scheme
• Each coding scheme has categories
• Every category has multiple levels
• Each level is a distinct land use

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LBCS web site
lbcs_at_planning.org 312-431-9100
http//www.planning.org/LBCS