Trends in AfricanAmerican Marriage Patterns

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What is migration?

• Do you have to cross international borders?
• Do you have to cross any border at all?
• Does it matter how long you stay at your
  destination?
• If you move to a new house, are you definitely a
  migrant?
• Can you be a migrant without changing jobs?
• MIGRATION is not the same as MOBILITY

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A loose definition of migration, with four key
patterns identified
Definitive
Social break
Minimal
Low
High
Distance moved
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But does any of this matter?

• MAYBE NOT!
• Precise definitions are often irrelevant
  because
• Were always limited by the data itself
• We usually know about people who cross an
  administrative boundary
• We usually know very little about social
  integration
• We usually know very little about duration of
  stay

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Example of identifying migrants to the U.S.

• Distance moved
• country of birth
• Duration of time spent in the U.S.
• Exact number of years in 1900-1920 and 1970-2000
  census
• Can make inferences based on childrens
  birthplaces in other years
• Social integration
• Can make inferences based on
• Ethnic intermarriage
• Naming patterns (some years)
• Language spoke at home (some years)
• Residential isolation at the destination

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Example of identifying migrants within the U.S.

• Distance moved
• State of birth and current state of residence
• Duration of time spent at the destination
• No knowledge prior to 1940
• Can identify those who moved gt5 lt5 years ago in
  1940-2000
• Social integration
• Can make inferences based on
• intermarriage with similar migrants
• residential isolation in the city

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Even keeping things simple can get messy
The most common definition of a migrant
is someone who has moved since being
born Presents a problem for comparing
populations A population with lots of children
will have few migrants Children just havent had
that long to move
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Figure 1. Percent of Native Population Residing
Outside State of
Birth by Race, United States, 1850-1990
40
35
30
White
25
Percent Migrant
20
Black
15
10
5
0
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census Year
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So the big definition doesnt matter?

• ACTUALLY MAYBE IT DOES
• Precise definitions developed to address
  earlier beliefs that
• Migration was only barely existent prior to
  industrialization
• Rural to urban migrants were grist in the mill
  of industrialization
• Migration was permanent and devastating for them
• Migration goes hand-in-hand with nation-building
• Migrants were poor huddled masses
• Undifferentiated and unprepared foreigners

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A definition of migration, with four key patterns
identified
Definitive
Social break
Minimal
Low
High
Distance moved
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New emphases in study of migration

• Migration has always been a part of U.S. and
  European life
• Migrants tend to be positively selected
• Migrants often plan to return home
• even among migrants to the U.S.
• affects their attitudes towards the destination
  point
• Assimilation is not a given
• Migration as a process to be understood in its
  own right

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Brief history of immigration to the U.S.
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Common images of migration

• ...Give me your tired, your poor,
• Your huddled masses yearning to be free,
• The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
• Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me
• I lift my lamp beside the golden door!
• The New Colossus (1886)
• Emma Lazarus

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Common images of migration
Jacob Riis, 5 Cents Lodging, 1890
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Common images of migration
Lewis Hine, New York City Tenement, 1910
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Common images of migration
Graduation ceremony from Ford plants
orientation program, 1920s
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Issues that complicate these portraits

• Many early 1900s migrants returned home
• South Italians, Croats, Slovenians, Slovaks,
  Hungarians 50-60
• North Italians, Poles 30-50
• Finns, Serbs, Bulgarians 20-30
• Germans, Scandinavians, English 10-20
• Irish, Hebrews lt10
• Large numbers of Europeans went instead to...
• Brazil and Argentina about 1 for every 4 who
  came to the U.S.
• Canada about 1 for every 5 who came to the U.S.
• Towns and cities all across Europe many more
  than came to U.S.
• The U.S. was one destination in a complex
  migration system

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Issues that complicate these portraits

• Most were doing pretty well before leaving
• Migration is usually a selective process
• Traveling long distances costs money
• Families send their most promising members
• Education and experience with migration seems to
  make people more inclined to move
• Many avoided assimilation quite successfully
• People planned to make a little money and return
  home
• People lived here in perfectly happy ethnic
  isolation

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Relevant immigration laws

• Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 (made permanent 1902)
• Gentlemans Agreement with Japan, 1908
• National Origins Act of 1924
• Established a tight quota system
• Based on origins of the US population in 1890
• Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965
• Larger quotas for Asian and African countries
• Family reunification privileged
• Particular professions priviledged

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Main periods in US Immigration
"Old immigration" Origins German,
Scandinavian, and Scotch-Irish 1820s-1880s Desti
nations Midwest rural and urban, Upper
MW Type of work farm, some
urban Traveling alone mostly
families Religion Protestant "New
Immigration" Origins Italian, Greek, Polish,
Russian 1880s-1920s Destinations Urban
northeast and mid-Atlantic Type of work
urban factory work Traveling alone yes,
mostly Religion more Catholic,
Jewish Really new Immigration" Origins
Latin America, Asia, Africa 1960s-2000s Destinat
ions Florida, Texas, California,
cities Type of work professions and
clerical Traveling alone mixed Religion
Catholic, Protestant, Muslim
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Brief history of migration within the U.S.
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Figure 1. Percent of Native Population Residing
Outside State of
Birth by Race, United States, 1850-1990
40
35
30
White
25
Percent Migrant
20
Black
15
10
5
0
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census Year
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Something Im working on.....
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Southern out-migrants as a proportion of all
southern-born persons, by race
Data not available for 1890 and 1930. Source
Integrated Public Use Microdata Series files
(IPUMS), 1870-1970.
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Source IPUMS file, 1870
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Source IPUMS file, 1900
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Source IPUMS file, 1920
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Source IPUMS file, 1950
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Source IPUMS 1980 5 State file, Sample A
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How did these folks do in the North?
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Map 1 Two definitions of Appalachia Appalachian
Regional Commission and Southern Appalachian
Studies group
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Map 2 SAS definition of Appalachia Using 1940
State Economic Areas and 1980 County Groups
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Map 3 ARC definition of Appalachia Using 1940
State Economic Areas and 1980 County Groups
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Map 4 Key areas of northward out-migration and
economic distress in Appalachia
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Average wage incomes of recent Southern and
Foreign-born men aged 25-60 in the East North
Central region, 1980
Source IPUMS, 1980 5 State file, Sample A.
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Percent of recent migrant households in poverty,
East North Central region, 1980
Source IPUMS, 1980 5 State file, Sample A.
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