Arts of the Renaissance

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Arts of the Renaissance
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• Preface Arts of the Middle Ages
• Most of the art that was created in the Middle
  Ages was funded by the Church, and made for
  public spaces
• Stained glass artistry came with the large and
  high cathedral windows of Gothic Architecture
• Most of the visual art, as with writing, was
  created by monks (Fra)
• Conscripted labor performed the heaviest and most
  dangerous tasks in building the monuments of the
  age, although skilled stone masons were highly
  valued
• Needlework was largely the province of women,
  often nuns, or high-born women and their ladies
• By the late (High) Middle Ages, there was a
  concerted effort to marry faith and reason, in a
  movement called Scholasticism

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Sant' Apollinare Nuovo interior, detail of N.
wall of nave showing mosaic of the Three Magi,
ca. first quarter of 6th century Ravenna, Italy
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• Cimabue
• The Santa Trinita Madonna
• c1260/80
• Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

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Simone Martini Christ Discovered in the
Temple 1342 Liverpool, The Walker Art Gallery.
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Chartres Cathedral exterior, view from SE.
showing towers of West front (begun mid-12th
century N.spire added 1507-1514)
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Guillaume Dufay c. 1400-1474Ave Regina Cœlorum
The antiphon, Ave Regina Caelorum, is sung as the
concluding antiphon in the The Liturgy of the
Hours from the Presentation of the Lord until
Holy Thursday. It was originally sung for None
for the Feast of the Assumption. The author is
unknown. The earliest plainchant manuscript stems
from the 12th century.
Held in very high esteem by his contemporaries
and regarded by modern experts as probably the
greatest composer of the 15th century. His
harmonies and melodies prefigure Renaissance
composition.
DUFAY
GREGORIAN
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.

• RENAISSANCE is a period during the 14th, 15th,
  and 16th centuries characterized by a revival of
  interest in the works of classical Greece and
  Rome, by a sharp increase in secular values, and
  by vigorous urban life. Both the forms and values
  of antiquity are held in highest esteem

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Characteristics of Renaissance Art

• Art as Philosophy Symbol, structure, and color
  are used to more realistically portray the
  temporal world.
• Individualistic Artistic styles vary widely,
  with much variation.
• Classical Classical themes and symbols of
  Antiquity often appear.
• Realism Portrays real people, as they are, but
  most often with an effort to describe their
  maximum or true potential . Linear perspective
  and anatomy are studied, as a means to achieve
  realism.

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Emphasis on Individualism
Batista Sforza Federico de Montefeltre The
Duke Dutchess of Urbino Piero della Francesca,
1465-1466
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Jan van EyckPortrait of a Man 1433
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Jan van EyckArnolfini Portrait1434
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Perspective
The Trinity Masaccio 1427
What you are, I once was what I am, you will
become.
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• Ginevra de Benci Leonardo da Vinci 1474/1478

Sfumato
'without lines or borders, in the manner of
smoke'.
Chiaroscuro
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LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI 1404-1472
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• The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate
• Leonardo da Vinci 1469

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Italian Renaissance

• Frequently artists were patronized by the
  religious leaders of the time Italian
  Renaissance art is often characterized by
  religious themes
• Frescoes paintings done on fresh, wet plaster
  with water-based pigments. (Example Sistine
  Chapel)
• Centered in Florence
• Monumental Architecture

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Early Renaissance

• Concern with naturalistic settings and modeling
• Private commissions allow secular as well as
  religious works
• Classical forms and themes
• Laws of linear perspective applied
• Oil painting allows detail and depth
• Produced largely by contract w/patron

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Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1436Cuppolo of St.
Maria del FioreThe Cathedral of San Lorenzo
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Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1436
Interior Architecture
Used ribs for support
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Domes
Il Duomo St. Peters St. Pauls
US capital (Florence) (Rome)
(London) (Washington)
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BotticelliBirth of Venus 1485
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BotticelliThe Mystic Nativity 1501
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BotticelliThe Mystic Nativity, detail 1501
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Leonardo da Vinci The Renaissance Man

• Broad knowledge about many things in different
  fields.
• Deep knowledge/skill in one area.
• Able to link information from different
  areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.
• The Greek ideal of the well-rounded man was at
  the heart of Renaissance education.

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Leonardo da Vinci Self Portrait 1512

• Sculptor
• Architect
• Engineer
• Inventor
• Artist
• Scientist

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Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man
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Leonardo da VinciThe Last Supper 1498 (prior to
restoration)
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Leonardo da VinciThe Last Supper 1498 (restored)
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da Vinci Mona Lisa 1503-4
?
A Macaroni Mona
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A Picasso Mona
An Andy Warhol Mona
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A Monaca Lewinsky
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High Renaissance

• Proportion, harmony, and balance strived for
• Intense study of the human figure allows fully
  resolved composition
• Superb depictions of reality, as underlying
  structures studied
• Idealization of nature

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Michelangelo Buonorrati 1475 1564
The Pieta 1499, Marble
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David 1504, Marble
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The Sistine Chapel 1508-12 Fresco
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The Sistine Chapel, detail The Creation of the
Heavens 1508-12 Fresco
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The Sistine Chapel, detail The Creation of Man
1508-12 Fresco
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MichelangeloPortrait of Michelangelo
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RaphaelSchool of Athens 1510-11
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Da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo
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Averroes
Hypatia
Pythagoras
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Platolooks to theheavens or the IDEALrealm.
Aristotlelooks to thisearth thehere andnow.
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Raphael Baldassare Castiglione 1514-15
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Raphael Portrait of Pope Julius II 1512-13
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Raphael Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio deMedici
and Luigi De Rossi 1518-19
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Sistine Madonna
Cowpepper Madonna
Raphael
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Madonna della Sedia
Alba Madonna
Raphael
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Bacchanalof the Andrians Titian, c. 1522-25
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Venus of Urbino Titian, 1558
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Northern Renaissance

• Oil paint. Jan van Eyck was one of the first to
  use them.
• Masters of painting detail.
• Some of the works are deeply religious, but often
  patrons were merchants or town officials, so
  secular paintings of portraits and everyday life
  also developed.

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Jan van EyckThe Virgin with Chancellor Rodin
1435
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Jan van EyckThe Crucifixion and The Last
Judgment 1420-5
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Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464) The Deposition
(details) 1435
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Quentin Massys (1465-1530)
Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that
included Erasmus. Influenced by da Vinci. Thomas
More called him the renovator of the old
art. The Ugly Dutchess, 1525-1530
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The Moneylender His Wife Massys 1514
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Albrecht Dürer 1471-1528 Self Portrait in
Fur-Collared Robe 1500
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Albrecht Dürer Four Horsemen of the
Apocalypse woodcut 1498
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Albrecht Dürer The Last Supper woodcut 1510
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Hans Holbein, the Younger The Family of
Burgomaster Meyer Adoring the Virgin and Child
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Hans Holbein, the Younger Jean de Dinteville and
Georges de Selve ('The Ambassadors')1533
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Hieronymus Bosch 1450-1516 The Garden of Earthy
Delights 1500
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Hieronymus Bosch The Garden of Earthy Delights,
Detail 1500
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Pieter Bruegel The Harvesters, 1565
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Pieter Bruegel Tower of Babel 1563
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Pieter Bruegel The Beggars 1568
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Pieter Bruegel The Triumph of Death 1562
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Pieter Bruegel Hunters in the Snow 1565
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Renaissance Writers
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Chaucer

• Made use of the English vernacular in his book
  The Canterbury Tales. Tells the stories of people
  traveling to Thomas a Becket's grave in
  Canterbury. It is important because the book
  allows us to see the spectrum of classes in
  England during the fifteenth century.

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Humanism

• The spirit of the Renaissance is reflected in
  Humanism, an intellectual movement initiated by
  secular men of letters during the fifteenth
  century. Humanism focused on developing the full
  potential of man. This included not only
  traditional virtues of love and honor but also
  virtues such as judgment, prudence and eloquence.
  The effect of Humanism was to inspire men to move
  away from the values and views of the Medieval
  Period, bringing about new thought and creations.

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Humanism

• Human nature is the primary study (as opposed to
  the Medieval focus of religion)
• Emphasized the Dignity of Man, and his potential
  to master nature, over the medieval values of
  penitence and forgiveness.
• Looked to the rebirth of the human spirit and
  wisdom gained over time.

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Petrarch

• Known for his sonnets of love, particularly to
  his love, Laura. His work is considered to be the
  "perfected" Italian sonnet.
• He was absorbed with the classics and introduced
  them to his contemporaries, championing the use
  of modern languages along with knowledge of the
  ancient ones
• Father of Humanism

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The Ascent of Mount Ventoux

• To-day I made the ascent of the highest mountain
  in this region, which is not improperly called
  Ventosum. My only motive was the wish to see what
  so great an elevation had to offer. I have had
  the expedition in mind for many years for, as
  you know, I have lived in this region from
  infancy, having been cast here by that fate which
  determines the affairs of men. Consequently the
  mountain, which is visible from a great distance,
  was ever before my eyes, and I conceived the plan
  of some time doing what I have at last
  accomplished to-day. The idea took hold upon me
  with especial force when, in re-reading Livy's
  History of Rome, yesterday, I happened upon the
  place where Philip of Macedon, the same who waged
  war against the Romans, ascended Mount Haemus in
  Thessaly, from whose summit he was able, it is
  said, to see two seas, the Adriatic and the
  Euxine. Whether this be true or false I have not
  been able to determine, for the mountain is too
  far away, and writers disagree. Pomponius Mela,
  the cosmographer - not to mention others who have
  spoken of this occurrence - admits its truth
  without hesitation Titus Livius, on the other
  hand, considers it false. I, assuredly, should
  not have left the question long in doubt, had
  that mountain been as easy to explore as this
  one.

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Pico della Mirandola and Oration on the Dignity
of Man

• At last the best of artisans ordained that the
  creature to whom He had been able to give nothing
  proper to himself should have joint possession of
  whatever had been peculiar to each of the
  different kinds of being. He therefore took man
  as a creature of indeterminate nature and,
  assigning him a place in the middle of the world,
  addressed him thus We have made you neither of
  Heaven nor of earth, neither mortal nor immortal,
  so that with freedom of choice and with honor, as
  though the maker and molder of yourself, you may
  fashion yourself in whatever shape you shall
  prefer. You shall have the power to degenerate
  into the lower forms of life, which are brutish.
  You shalt have the power out of your souls
  judgment, to be reborn into the high forms, which
  are divine.
• O Supreme generosity of God the Father, O highest
  and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is
  granted to have whatever he chooses, to be
  whatever he wills. Beast as soon as they are
  born bring with them from their mothers womb all
  they will ever possess. Spiritual beings, either
  from the beginning or soon thereafter, become
  what they are to be for ever and ever. On man
  when he came into life the Father conferred the
  seeds of all kinds and the germs of every way of
  life. Whatever seeds each man cultivates will
  grow to maturity and bear in him their own fruit.
  If they be vegetative, he will be like a plant.
  If sensitive, he will become brutish. If
  rational, he will grow into a heavenly being. If
  intellectual, he will be an angel and the son of
  God.

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Machiavelli

• The Prince Political satire. Develops the issue
  of political ethics through exploring such
  questions as do the ends justify the means and
  is it safer to be feared or to be loved?

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The Prince

• That Which Concerns a Prince on the Subject of
  the Art of WarThe Prince ought to have no other
  aim or thought, nor select anything else for his
  study, than war and its rules and discipline for
  this is the sole art that belongs to him who
  rules, and it is of such force that it not only
  upholds those who are born princes, but it often
  enables men to rise from a private station to
  that rank. And, on the contrary, it is seen that
  when princes have thought more of ease than of
  arms they have lost their states. And the first
  cause of your losing it is to neglect this art
  and what enables you to acquire a state is to be
  master of the art. Francesco Sforza, though being
  martial, from a private person became Duke of
  Milan and the sons, through avoiding the
  hardships and troubles of arms, from dukes became
  private persons. For among other evils which
  being unarmed brings you, it causes you to be
  despised, and this is one of those ignominies
  against which a prince ought to guard himself, as
  is shown later on.

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Desiderus Erasmus

• He reflects the humanist desire to draw on all
  wisdom to create new works. Praise of Folly is
  one of his best-known works. In this work he is
  critical of the form (but not the values) of the
  Church of the time.

• Those who are the the closest to these the
  theologians in happiness are generally called
  the religious or monks, both of which are
  deceiving names since for the most part they stay
  as far away from religion as possible and
  frequent every sort of place. I cannot, however,
  see how any life could be more gloomy than the
  life of these monks if I Folly did not assist
  them in many ways.

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Baroque
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Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Judith et
Holopherne, 1598-99
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Artemisia GENTILESCHI, Judith et Holopherne,
1612-1621
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Gustav KLIMT, Judith and Holopherne 1901
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Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, The Calling
of St. Matthew1599-1600