A New Era in the USSR

1
A New Era in the USSR

• Main Idea
• Transformations occur in Russia including the
  time leading up to Lenins demise, Stalins rise
  to power, and lasting impact of the leaders

2
During the Civil War

• Lenin followed a policy of war communism during
  the Russian Revolution
• Government controlled most industries
• Dominated peasants by taking their grain to
  supply the army

3
And after the Civil War

• Peasants retaliated by hoarding their food
• Drought followed and caused famine
• With agricultural disaster, the industry suffered
  and production fell by 80
• End result
• Russia was defeated
• Peasant banner declared, Down with Lenin and
  horseflesh. Bring back the czar and pork.

4
Lenins New Economic Policy

• To save Russia he forgets war communism and
  focuses on NEP
• NEP was a modified version of the old
  capitalistic system
• Peasants could sell produce
• Retail stores with fewer than 20 employees were
  privately owned and operated
• Heavier industry, banking, and mining remained
  government owned
• ? ? ?

5
Rise of the Soviet Union

• Lenin and Communists created USSR or referred to
  as Soviet Union in 1922
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• Revived market and good harvest brought an end to
  the famine and production rose by 50
• Praise given to NEP for saving the USSR
• Lenin intended the NEP to be temporary before
  returning to a communist state

6
Stalin, Lenin, and Kalinin
7
The Struggle Following Lenins Death

• Lenin died in 1924 resulting in two parties

8
Lenin is our immortality
9
Trotsky and Stalin have problems

• Trotsky was commissar of war
• Stalin was secretary ? turned out to be very
  valuable
• Appointed party officials
• Gained complete control of the Communist Party
• Thousands of officials he appointed supported him
• Removed Bolsheviks and established powerful
  dictatorship
• Trotsky was removed and ended up in Mexico
• Ended up being murdered

10

• Did not get along with sons or daughter
• ? Son tried committing suicide but was
  unsucessful, which only led to Stalin continuing
  to harass him. Left son in German concentration
  camp where he killed himself by running into an
  electric fence
• 1st wife died of illness and 2nd wife killed
  herself
• Daughters relationship with father tense, and
  she emigrated to America
• Other son died of alcoholism

11
Stalins ImpactFive Year Plan

• Agriculture to industrial
• Stalin Era marked the beginning of an economic,
  social, and political revolution
• More dramatic than 1917 revolution
• Ended NEP
• Replaced with Five Year Plan
• Set economic goals for five years

12
Five Year Plan

• Goal transform Russia into a modern state
• 1st Five Year Plan focused on maximum production
  of military equipment and capital goods (goods
  made to aid in the production of other items)
• Plan quadrupled production of heavy machinery and
  doubled oil production
• Between 1928 1937, during the first two Five
  Year Plans, steel production increased from 4 to
  18 million tons per year

13
Soviet Industry Transformation
14
Beloved Stalin a fortune of the nation
15
Costs of Industrialization Social Political

• Social and political costs of industrialization
  were huge
• Work supply increased in the millions
• Housing declined because wages were set low and
  declined by 40 in a few years
• Strict laws forbid migration
• To make things better, Stalin encouraged the
  transition to a socialist state
• What did he use to encourage the people?

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And the hits keep on coming

• Collectivism grew
• System in which private farms were eliminated in
  the sacrifice of the government
• Government owned all the peasants land and made
  the peasants work their own land
• Peasants act back
• Hoarded crops and killed livestock
• Stalin acted by taking more land
• From 10 million households to 26 million family
  farms

17
Cost of Stalins Programs

• Collectivism had devastating effects
• Livestock slaughtering and hoarding food led to
  widespread famine
• 10 million peasant deaths contributed to famine
  (says Stalin)
• Stalin gave each farm worker one tiny,
  privately owned lot

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Costs of Stalins Programs

• Anyone who resisted Stalin was isolated to
  Siberia
• Removed Bolsheviks from power through trial and
  then executions
• Purged army officials, diplomats, union
  officials, intellectuals, and ordinary citizens
• 8 million arrested
• Millions sent to concentration camps
• Never returned
• Executed

19
Concentration Camp Image
20
Social Changes

• To create equality for women, divorce became
  easier
• Women in the labor force was encouraged
• Parents were responsible for teaching children
  the value of hard work, duty, and discipline