Nature of Science ES

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Nature of Science Earth Science
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SCIENCE is

• the search for relationships
• that explain and predict the behavior of the
  universe.
• an organized body of knowledge about the
  natural world. by answering questions
  andsolving problems

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Why is SCIENCE so important???
????
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Why is SCIENCE so important???

• It is all around us
• It solves problems
• It improves everyday life
• It uncovers new opportunities

Vaccines
Electricity
Space Exploration
Better crop
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Main Branches of Natural Science

• PHYSICAL
• EARTH
• LIFE

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LIFE

• Study of all livings things, their environment
  and how they interact with each other and
  within their environment
• Biology, microbiology, anatomy,
  physiology,ecology

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PHYSICAL

• PHYSICS
• CHEMISTRY

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PHYSICS
studies the interaction of matter and its
environment, in terms of forces and
energy. Electricity, magnetism, motion have
developed jet airplanes, cell phones, PC.
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CHEMISTRY
studies the properties of matter, and how it can
be changed into different materials. Medicines,
foods, clothing's, perfumes, artificial skin
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EARTH

• Study of all changes occurring on Earth AND in
  space.

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Why does EARTH science include SPACE?

• ?

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Why does EARTH science include SPACE?

• Astronomers study the past of the Universe in
  order to understand present cosmological events
  and possibly predict future ones that could
  affect Earth.
• As well, the knowledge gained from studying other
  celestial bodies terrestrial -earth-like-
  planets or jovian -giant gas- planets provide a
  better understanding of the Earth itself.
• its features, the internal and external
  processes causing them, and even its origin

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EARTH SCIENCES

• Are crucial to environmental survival
• It is a blend of several branches/fields
• Geology
• Oceanography
• Meteorology
• Astronomy

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GEOLOGY

• Study of the makeup of the Earth. The
  processes/forces that form and change those
  materials origin, history, structure of the
  SOLID earth
• Sub-specialties
• Mineralogy crust composition
• Seismology forces within
• Paleontology fossils

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Shiprock, New Mexico 500m above desert floor
(overall elevation 2,187 meters)
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OCEANOGRAPHY

• Study of the oceans, covering 70 of the planet.
  salty water creatures, physical and chemical
  properties , impact of human activities
• Sub-specialties
• Marine Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Geology

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Pipeline wave, North Shore, Oahu
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METEOROLOGY

• Study of the air surrounding the planet forces
  and processes causing the atmosphere to change,
  responsible for weather, Weather prediction,
  factors affecting earths climate.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEATHER AND CLIMATE ??
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ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
WEATHER
CLIMATE
LOCAL SHORT TERM
AVERAGE WEATHER AFFECTING LARGER AREAS STABLE
OVER LONG PERIOD OF TIME
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ASTRONOMY

• Study of the Universe beyond the earths
  atmosphere or its outermost layer, app. 700km
  above the surface formation, location, and
  relationship b/t the Earth and other celestial
  bodies.

COSMOLOGY ? study the Universe as a whole, in its
totality.
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Milky Way over Utah
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GOMA video clips
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Environmental Science

• It is a relatively new field of ES
• Study of the ways in which humans, their
  industries and technologies interact with the
  environment.
• Topics or issues covered are
• Use of natural resources 1
• Pollution
• Human Health
• Biosphere

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What area of Earth science is likely to involve
the study of climate?

• Geology
• Biology
• Astrology
• Meteorology

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ANALOGY a relationship between 2 pairs of
wordsWhich pair best complete the following
analogy Earth science astronomy?

• Changeable solid
• Subset set
• Theory reality
• Surrounding Earth beyond Earth

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4 EARTHS SYSTEMS
GEOSPHERE

• SOLID Earth or
• Rigid outer shell including the continental
  granite and the oceanic denser basalt crusts,
  and the solid uppermost layer of the mantle
  peridotite

HYDROSPHERE

• LIQUID Earth or
• Water from oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, glaciers.
  
• Water in gaseous form in the atmosphere is NOT
  included.

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4 EARTHS SYSTEMS
ATMOSPHERE

• GASEOUS Earth or
• Blanket of gases surrounding the planet,
  ? necessary for respiration of most living
  things, for protection against harmful solar
  radiation, for maintaining a temperature
  suitable for life

• All living things and the physical environment
  supporting them from the depths of the oceans to
  the lower layer of the atmosphere troposphere,
  a few kilometers above the earths surface

BIOSPHERE
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DYNAMIC EARTH

• Earth is in constant state of changes
• Some are slow and gradual

WEATHERING and EROSION

• Some are rapid and sporadic

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS/EARTHQUAKES
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Differential weathering, Bryce Canyon, Utah
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Spheroidal weathering, Alabama Hills
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Fire fountains eruptions, Big Island of Hawaii
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Lava flows continuously into the ocean, Kilauea,
Hawaii.
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ANALOGY a relationship between 2 pairs of
wordsWhich pair best complete the following
analogy Meteorology atmosphere?

• Oceanography tides
• Map geography
• Carpentry tool
• Ocean air

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How do scientists conduct their investigations?

• Observing and recording those observations
• Setting up experiments that test the effects of
  one thing on another
• Building model and testing it to see how it acts

representation /idea to create explanations of
how we think some part of the world works
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MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE
Greek and Arabs ? Earth at the center 17th
century, Copernicus/Galileo ? Sun at the center,
planets revolving around it. The Sun is even not
centered in our galaxy, the Milky Way. The model
is constantly being revised to include shape,
number of moons, planets as technological
advances allow us to observe more directly our
universe
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MODEL OF THE FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE
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MODEL OF AN ATOM
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Make sure to take note of the different
situations when a model is necessary.
MODELS
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SOMETIMES DIRECT EXPERIMENTATION IS NOT POSSIBLE,
SCIENTISTS MUST RELY ON MODEL / REPRESENTATION
When it is too small to see ATOMS When it is
too large to recreate WEATHER, METEORITES
IMPACT When it is too dangerousPLANE
CRASH When it would be too expensive or too
time-consuming.
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How do we make observations?

• Using our Senses
• Hearing
• Touch
• Smell
• Sight
• Taste
• Using tools and instruments can you list some?

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• Black Box

Activities
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IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

• FACT
• Statement based on objective and verifiable
  observations made by MANY.
• It does NOT prove or explain anything.
• HYPOTHESIS
• A statement formulated from prior knowledge,
  observations, and that can be tested.
• THEORY
• Generally accepted explanation of observations
  done about a particular concept or of a natural
  phenomenon why / how something does happen / did
  happen?

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Theories

• A theory is a highly successful hypothesis.
• All theories make predictions.
• All theories can be tested.
• Result Any scientific theory is subject to
  change as our ability to make tests, or make
  observations improves with time.

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IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

• LAW
• Accepted description of what happens or did
  happen in nature
• True ? there have never been repeatable
  contradicting observations
• Universal ? appear to apply everywhere in the
  Universe
• Simple
• E.g. Law of Gravity ? several theories have been
  proposed to explain how it works

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THEORY -- LAW recap

• Like our scientific knowledge, Theories are
  dynamic and subject to change.
• It remains valid as long as it explains prior
• findings and is useful in predicting new ones.
• Theories may undergo slight change or total
  abandonment when confronted with
• contradicting evidence.
• Law does NOT change.
• FEW theories, FEWER laws

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The main branches of natural science are

• Physics and Chemistry
• Biology, zoology, and ecology
• Medicine and agriculture
• Life, Physical, and Earth science

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A scientific theory is an explanation that

• Has been published in a journal or book
• Does not allow predictions
• Is constantly questioned and can change
• A scientist has tested with an experiment

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Science is best known for

• Conducting experiments
• Relying on tradition alone
• Using only a single reference
• Using guesswork at all times

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What do scientists use to simulate conditions in
the natural world?

• Trial and error
• Conceptual and physical models
• Geology and meteorology
• Books and records

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A scientific law is

• The same as a hypothesis
• A description of a natural event
• An explanation of a scientific observation
• The conclusion of a scientific experiment

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Chemistry is

• A branch of Earth science that studies physical
  nature and history of the Earth
• A branch of physical science that studies matter
  and its changes
• A branch of physical science that studies matter
  and energy
• A branch of biology that studies the balance in
  nature.

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A scientific model is a

• Small building used to conduct experiments
• Mathematical statement of a theory
• Representation of a real event or object
• New theory that takes place of an incorrect one.

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Areas of study for geologists might include

• The atmosphere, climate, and weather patterns
• Earths crust, forces within Earth, and fossils
• Chemistry, physics, and math
• Diet, nutrition, and exercise

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Which of the following sphere represents the
solid Earth?

• Biosphere
• Asthenosphere
• Geosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Atmosphere

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Scientific theories can be changed or replaced
when

• New technology is invented
• Scientists decide to work on different problems
• Scientists make models of events or objects
• New discoveries are made

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ANALOGY a relationship between 2 pairs of
wordsWhich pair best complete the following
analogy Environmental science pollution?

• Cause effect
• Meteorology tornado
• Discipline field of study
• Earth science geology

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Which question cannot be answered by an
experiment?
MODEL

• Does penicillin kill Salmonella bacteria?
• Is rabies caused by a virus?
• Did a comet impact kill the dinosaurs?
• Can radiation cause cancer?