Ch' 17 Sec' 35

1
Ch. 17 Sec. 3-5

• Allied Victories

2
The Pacific

• By 1942 Japan had conquered most of the islands
  of the western Pacific and much of SE Asia
• May 1942, Japan suffers first serious setback at
  the Battle of Coral Sea
• Lasted 5 days
• Use of aircraft carriers, enemy ships never saw
  each other
• Japan prevented from securing several important
  islands, and suffered key ship losses

3
The Pacific

• June 1942, Battle of Midway
• Also fought entirely from the air
• Devastating blow to Japan, last offensive
  operation
• After, U.S. began strategy of island-hopping
  working towards Japan
• Midway and island hopping under the direction of
  Admiral Nimitz while Gen. MacArthur led the
  Marines into retaking the Philippines

4
Distrust amongst the Big Three

• Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
• Periodic strategic meetings
• Agree to focus on Europe before finishing war in
  Asia
• Balance between not trusting political ambitions
  (Communism) and maintaining a successful alliance
• Agree to let borders of Nazi-Soviet Pact stand
• Stalin upset over delaying a front in Western
  Europe

5
North Africa

• Late 1942, British and U.S. begin their first
  campaign together
• General Montgomery (British) vs. Rommel
• Allies stop German advance at the Battle of El
  Alamein
• Drive Axis armies back across Libya into Tunisia
• General Eisenhower commands joint British/U.S.
  forces from the West and pinch Rommels armies
  and secure North Africa by Spring 1943

6
Italy Next

• By July 1943, land in Sicily and then southern
  Italy
• Defeat Italian forces in less than a month
• Italians overthrow Mussolinis government and
  sign and armistice, but
• Hitler sends troops to rescue Mussolini
• Hitler reinforces the will of Italians in the
  North
• Long 18 months of pushing slowly up the peninsula
• Heavy Allied losses but weakens Hitler on Eastern
  Front

7
Russia Again!

• Spring 1942
• Hitler launches a new offensive towards southern
  USSR (oil fields)
• Met resistance at Stalingrad
• Battle one of the costliest of WW II
• House to House combat, Germans appear in control
  until another Winter sets in
• Soviets encircle Stalingrad and trap German
  forces, without access to food or ammunition,
  surrender in Jan. 1943
• Red Army takes the offensive
• Drive Germans out of Soviet Union
• By 1944, advancing into Eastern Europe

8
D-Day

• June 6 1944, Allies invade France
• Gen. Eisenhower in charge of planning the
  operation
• Pre-invasion bombing
• Tricked the Germans into thinking the invasion
  would take place at Calais
• Paratroopers after midnight behind enemy lines
• Landing craft unload over 170,000 troops on
  beaches of Normandy

9
Hitlers Troops in Retreat

• Both East and West
• Gen. Patton advance on Paris from West other
  forces land in France from Italy
• Aug. 1944 Paris freed, Sept. all of France
• Constant bombing raids to destroy factories and
  morale of civilians
• Dec. 1944, advance into Belgium
• Hitler launches on last massive counter-attack

10
Battle of the Bulge

• Lasted over a month
• Both sides suffer terrible losses
• Germans unable to break Allied lines
• Delays advance for six weeks
• Allows Soviet Union to advance on Berlin from the
  East

11
Inevitable Defeat

• By fall of 1945 Hitlers support was declining
• Survived assassination attempts
• Commits suicide on April 30, 1945
• Yalta Conference - Feb. 1945
• Another meeting of distrust
• FDR - physically very weak
• Allows Stalin to gain upper hand in eventually
  controlling Eastern European nations
• Temporary division of Germany into four zones
• Soviet agreement to help defeat Japan

12
V-E Day

• March 1945, Allies cross the Rhine
• April 1945, Shaking hands with Russians at the
  Elbe River
• Axis armies surrendering all over Europe
• Mussolini captured and executed by Italians
• May 8, 1945, war officially ends in Europe
• (FDR died on April 12)
• Reasons
• Multiple fronts
• Poor decisions
• U.S. production - twice as much as all Axis
  combined

13
Defeating Japan

• Allies turn to Japan (w/out Soviet Union)
• July of 1945 Navy and AF destroyed
• Still had an army of 2 million in unfamiliar
  environment
• Final victory would take time and be costly
• Proven their will to fight to the death
• Islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• Kamikaze pilots

14
Manhattan Project

• Research race on the potential of atomic weapons
• Many European refugees (German)
• July 1945 test first atomic bomb (New Mexico)
• President Truman struggles with burden of the
  decision
• Force of destruction (civilian) vs. Saving of
  American lives

15
Atomic Destruction

• Allied warning to surrender or face utter and
  complete destruction
• Japan ignores
• Aug. 6, 1945, atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
  (killed 70,000 instantly)
• Aug. 8, 1945 Soviet Union declares war on Japan
  invades Manchuria
• Japan fails to respond to surrender warnings
• August 9, 1945 second bomb on Nagasaki(40,000)
• Emperor Hirohito intervenes, force militaristic
  government to surrender official on Sept. 2,
  45

16
After WW II

• Casualty numbers Chart p. 591 (50 million
  worldwide)
• Realization of inhumanity in Europe and Asia
• War crime trials in Nuremberg
• 142 German/Austrian found guilty and given
  sentences
• Similar trials in Japan and Italy
• Discredited totalitarian ideologies and Western
  democracies built new governments in occupied
  regions of Germany and Japan
• Military forces help Japan create a new
  constitution giving power to the people

17
After WW II

• April 1945, 50 nations send delegates to San
  Francisco to create the United Nations
• Greater role and authority than L of N
• General Assembly
• Security Council (US, USSR, GB, France, China)
• Work beyond peacekeeping
• Other world problems disease outbreaks,
  education, economic development, protecting
  refugees

18
Super Powers

• Differences in ideologies, mutual distrust leads
  to Cold War
• State of tension and hostility between nations
  aligned with U.S. vs. USSR
• USSR (Stalin) goals
• Spread Communism
• Buffer zone of friendly governments between
  Germany
• Ignored pledge of free elections, Red Army
  destroyed rival parties and eliminated democratic
  leaders
• (48)Pro-Soviet governments in place in Eastern
  Europe

19
U.S. Involvement

• Truman abandons traditional U.S. policy of
  isolationism
• Truman Doctrine (March 1947)
• Americans would resist Soviet expansion in Europe
  and other areas of the world
• Immediately sent economic and military aid to
  Greece and Turkey
• Marshall Plan
• Food and Economic assistance to Europe to help
  countries rebuild
• Billions of dollars helped rapid recovery in
  western Europe
• USSR forced satellite nations to reject (slow
  recovery)

20
Germany

• USSR takes reparations
• Allies unite zones and rebuild to restore
  political stability
• West Germany- write their own constitution
• East Germany- socialist dictatorship under
  Stalins control
• Berlin divided into 4 zones as well
• 48 Stalin sealed off every RR and Highway
• West responded with an airlift
• Deepened the tensions of the Cold War
• Formed opposing military alliances
• NATO (9) and Warsaw Pact (7)

21
Cold War

• Formed opposing military alliances
• NATO (9) support each other democracy
• Warsaw Pact (7) ended up being used more to keep
  satellite nations in order
• Communist in name but dictatorship in practice