A Certification, Hardware

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A Certification, Hardware

• Chapter 14
• Portable Computers

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Laptop RAM
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Laptop RAM Modules

• RAM modules are standardized into two form
  factors
• Micro DIMMRAM
• Small Outline DIMM
• Mirco DIMMs are supplied in 144 pin modules and
  are typically 64 bits wide.
• SO DIMMs are either 72 pin 32 bit or 144 pin 64
  bit modules.

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Hard Drive Size Comparison
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Laptop Hard Drives

• 2.5 inch hard drives are now the norm in laptops
  and notebooks.
• These drives are ATA type IDE drives.
• The drives are installed, partitioned and
  formatted in the same way as a typical full sized
  3.5 inch hard drive.

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Modular CPU under KB
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Modular Video Card
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Mobile CPUs

• Both Intel and AMD provide a special type CPU for
  laptop (mobile) computers.
• Some modules can be upgraded like any other
  processor chip.
• Intel Centrion
• AMD Mobile Athlon

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Mini PCI Expansion slots

• Some laptops include a miniature version of the
  desktop PCI expansion bus.
• This bus can be used to add card devices similar
  to a desktop.
• Many devices are however soldered to the
  motherboards and can not be changed or updated.

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The PC Card Interface

• The majority of mobile computers accept
  additional devices through the PC Card slot.
• Initially this interface was called PCMCIA
• Personal Computer Memory Card Association
• A standard expansion bus for mobile PCs
• Devices made on PC Card are hot swappable

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PC Card Development

• Originally designed only to support memory
• Today PC cards hold virtually any type of a
  device. Examples are
• Hard Drives
• Modems
• Network Cards
• SCSI host adaptor
  

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PC Card Styles

• There are three different physical sizes of PC
  Card devices
• Type I 3.3 mm thick -- memory
• Type II 5.0 mm thick -- I/O devices
• Type III 10.5 mm thick hard drives
• All PC Card devices use a 68 pin interface.

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Levels of Software Drivers for PC Card (PCMCIA)

• The first or lower level of drivers are known as
  Socket Services
• The second or higher level of drivers are known
  as Card Service

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Socket Services

• Device drivers that support the PC Card socket.
• Allows the system to detect addition or removal
  of a PC Card device.
• Provides necessary I/O to an installed device.
• Socket Services are typically handled by system
  BIOS.
• Windows handles Card Services and has a large
  preinstalled base of PC Card device drivers.
• Most PC Card devices come with their own drivers.
  
  

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Card Services

• Recognizes the function the particular PC Card in
  the socket and provides the specialized drivers
  necessary to make the card work.
  

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Multiple Functions

• PCMCIA standard also enables PC Cards to perform
  multiple functions.
• PC Card devices may be either 5 or 3.3 volt
  devices.
• Devices are keyed to prevent putting a 3.3 volt
  device in a 5 volt socket.
  

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Card Bus

• The newest type of PC Card is called Card Bus
• A 32-bit multiplexed address/data bus
• Handles PCI Bus Mastering and operates at 33 MHz.
• Card bus devices can perform up to 8 functions at
  a time as opposed to 2 functions of PC Card
• Uses a special keyed 68 pin interface socket
• Requires 3.3, not 5 volts
• Standard in most new laptops

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Typical PC Card Socket
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Batteries Used In Laptops

• Three common types of batteries that have been
  used in PC Laptops
• Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd)
• Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)
• Lithium-Ion (Li-ION)
  

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Nickel-Cadmium

• Develop a memory and lose re-chargeability if
  they are repeatedly recharged before being
  completely discharged.
• Should not be over charged.
• Most last only a short time and have to be
  replaced.
• A Charging Conditioner will extend their life.
• Highly toxic material
• Disposed of through recycle center.

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Nickel Metal Hydride

• The second generation of Laptop batteries.
• Still in use today
• Less susceptible to memory problems
• Last longer between charging
• Better tolerance to overcharging
• Considered non toxic to the environment
• Popular replacement for Ni-Cd

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Lithium Ion

• Most common battery today
• Very powerful More capacity
• Immune to memory problems
• Holds charge twice as long as Ni-MH
• Will not tolerate over charging!
• Can only be used in systems that are designed for
  Lithium Ion batteries.
  

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Power Management

• Available for desktops as well as laptops
• Involves
• Hardware
• BIOS
• Operating System
• SMM - System Management Mode
• APM Advanced Power Management Intel 1992
• ACPI Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
  Intel 1996.
  

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System Management Mode

• Began with the 80386SX CPU
• Allowed the CPU to slow down or stop the clock
  with out losing information in the registers.
• Enabled power saving in peripherals
• SMM was typically engaged with a sleep or doze
  switch.
• The system required a special BIOS and OS to go
  with the SSM CPU.

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APM and ACPI

• Requirements
• SMM compatible CPU
• APM compliant BIOS
• Devices that will accept shut off Energy Star
• ACPI provides support for hot-swappable devices
• Energy Star ability to shut down without
  actually turning off.
• The operating system must know how to request
  that a particular device be shut down.
• ACPI goes beyond APM by allowing for hot
  swappable devices.

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APM Defined

• APM shifts the operating state of the system
  based on the needs of the system as determined
  form a combination of software commands and
  events.
• APM provides for power management in five levels.
  

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The Five States of APM See Page 281

• Full On State
• APM Enabled State
• APM Standby State
• APM Suspend State
  Hibernation is a special state of Suspend
• Off State
• ACPI will handle all these states plus others
  like soft power on/off.

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Configuration of APM/ACPI

• CMOS
• Windows
• Display Applet
• Power Management Applet
• Windows 2000 applet is called Power Options and
  offers a few additional options over Windows98.
  

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Windows 2000 / XP Power Schemes

• Windows 2000 / XP support the same power
  conservation functions as Windows 98 plus they
  add another option called Hibernation.
• In 2000/XP the Suspend option is called Standby
  but otherwise operates the same as Suspend in
  Windows 98.

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Drawback of Suspend State

• Computer systems memory is still active so if a
  power out situation occurs any unsaved work is
  lost.
• If Hibernation is used the memory is not active
  and the content of RAM is written to the hard
  drive into a file named HIBERFIL.SYS
• This does require an amount of free space on the
  HD equal to RAM size.

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Laptop Power Management
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Laptop control panel
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Battery Maintenance Guidelines

• Store in a cool place.
• Use conditioning charges on Ni-cd and NIMH
  batteries to extend their life
• Keep contacts clean (alcohol dry cloth)
• Do not expose skin to ruptured batteries
• Recycle

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Docking Stations

• Docking stations provide a convenient way to
  connect peripherals.
• Many docking stations include integrated
  hardware devices that might not be included in
  the laptop.
• Port replicators are similar to docking stations
  but never include integrated hardware devices.

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Questions ??