GENERALIZED FISHEYE VIEWS George W' Furnas

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GENERALIZED FISHEYE VIEWSGeorge W. Furnas

• Presenter
• Dhana Yadamreddy

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Abstract

• This paper explores fisheye views presenting,
  in turn
• naturalistic studies
• a general formalism
• a specific instantiation
• a resulting computer program
• example displays and an evaluation.

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What is the problem?

• There is too much to show ,ranging from local
  details to global structural information.
• Huge structures are viewed through small windows

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Result of this problem

• Small windows, Scrolling views have little
  information about the global structure, and where
  the current view fits in.
• ex a menu based retrieval system might show the
  set of choices available at the current node.
  Users navigate through the structures by moving
  the window around.
• Result It is easy to get lost , i.e. to find
  oneself in some incomprehensible wrong place
  because of little idea how to get to the right
  one.

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Techniques to overcome this problem

• Zoom lens Making available both global and a
  detailed view of structure either side by side or
  in sequence.
• Fisheye lens Provide a balance of local detail
  and global context.

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Fisheye strategy

• The fundamental motivation of fisheye strategy is
  to provide a balance of local detail and global
  context by trading off a priori importance
  against distance.
• Local detail is needed for local interactions
  with a structure , whether that means finding the
  nearest mailbox in midtown or editing a
  particular line of a large program.
• Global context is needed to tell the user what
  other parts of the structure exists and where
  they are.

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Naturally occurring Fisheye views

• Fisheye were ubiquitous
• They are equal to humans representation of large
  structures in their mind.
• Useful in human interactions.
• Make effective interfaces.

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Fisheye strategy in human

• An experiment psychologist will judge management
  and marketing more similar than experimental
  psychology and psychiatry.
• Newspapers contain all local news stories and
  only more distant news that are of greater
  importance.

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Formalizing Generalized Fisheye views

• DOI(x.y) ApI(x)-D(x,y)
• DOI The users degree of interest in a point
  x,given the current focus is y
• ApI(x) priori importance of x
• D(x,y) Distance b/w x and y
• This simple formulation allows fisheye
  views to be defined in any sort of structure

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Rooted Tree Structures

• Trees are of particular interest since many large
  structures on computers are trees.
• DOI functions for trees would thus allow
  fisheye displays for these structures
• DOI for trees
• (a) Distance from y
• dtree(x,y)
• _____________________3_______________
  ______
• 
  
  
• ____4_______ _____________4_______
  _____________2___
• 
  
  
• __5___5__ _5__ _________ 5__ 5___5__
  __________1___3__ 3_
• 
  
  
• 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 666
  022 444 444
• 
  y
• 
  "current
  focus"

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(b) A Priori Importance in the tree Imp(x)
dtree(x,root)
root
_____________________0____
_________________


______-1_______ _____________-1_______
____________-1_______


_ -2__ ___-2__
___ -2__ ____-2__ __-2__ ___-2__ ___-2__ ____-2__
___-2_


-3 -3 -3 -3 -3-3 -3 -3-3
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3-3 -3 -3
-3-3 -3 -3-3

y

"current focus" (c) The
Fisheye DOI DOIfisheye(tree) (x.y) API(x)
D(x,y)
( dtree(x,y) dtree(x,root) )

root
____________________-3_____________________


______-5_______
____________-5_______ ____________ -3_______


_-7____
_-7__ ___-7____ _-7__ ___-7__ __-7__ ______-3__
_-5__ ____-5__


-9-9-9 -9 -9-9 -9-9-9
-9-9-9 -9-9-9 -9-9-9 -3-5-5
-7-7-7 -7-7-7

y"current focus"
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Fisheye view of different sizes

• By choosing a threshold ,k ,displays only the
  points with DOI(x)gtk.
• (a) Zero-order tree fisheye
• root
• -3
• -3
• -3
• -3
• y
• 
  "current focus"
• DOI -3

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(b) First-order tree fisheye
root
____________________-3__________________
___

-5
-5
______-3_______



_-3__ -5
-5


-3 -5 -5

y"current
focus DOI-5 (c) Second-order tree fisheye

root ____________________-3______
_______________

______ -5_______
______-5_______ ______-3_______


-7 -7 -7
-7 -7 -7 _-3__
_-5__ _-5__



-3 -5 -5 -7 -7 -7
-7 -7 -7 DOI-7
y

"current focus"
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Fisheye interfaces.

• This fisheye DOI function derived for trees was
  used to develop a program for making first order
  fisheye views of tree structured text files.
• ex showing views of a C-program,
• In flat window only a part of program is visible.
• In fisheye view important lines for a
  corresponding line are displayed.

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28 t0 (t0 10000) 29 - x0 30
for(i1iltki) 31 ti (ti
10000) 32 - xi 33 - (1 -
ti-1/10000) 34 ti-1 10000 35
36 tk-1 10000 37 break 38 case
'e' gtgt39 for(i0iltki) ti xi 40
break 41 case 'q' 42 exit(0) 43
default 44 noprint 1 45 break 46 47
if(!noprint) 48 for(ik - 1ti lt 0 i gt
0i--) 49 printf("d",ti) 50 if(i gt 0)
Figure 3. Standard 'flat-window' view of a C
program. Line numbers are in the leftmargin.
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1 define DIG 40 2 include
ltstdio.hgt ...4 main() 5 6 int c, i,
xDIG/4, tDIG/4, k DIG/4, noprint 0 ...8
while((cgetchar()) ! EOF) 9 if(c gt '0'
c lt '9') ...16 else 17
switch(c) 18 case '' ...27 case
'-' ...38 case 'e' gtgt39
for(i0iltki) ti xi 40 break 41
case 'q' ...43 default ...46
47 if(!noprint) ...57 58 59
noprint 0 60 61 Figure 4. A fisheye
view of the C program. Line numbers are in the
left margin. "..." indicates missing lines.
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Other applications of tree fisheye DOI function

• Interactive fisheye viewer for part of the Texas
  Legal Codes,
• Text outlines
• a decision tree (identification key) for types
  of trees
• a directory of telephone area codes
• our corporate directory
• UNIX file hierarchy listings.

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Conclusion

• Described generalized fisheye views
• They appear naturally in many human contexts .
• can be implemented for a wide variety of
  computer information structures.

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Evaluation

• Paper described Generalized Fisheye views in
  detail.
• Focus is only on one.
• Examples helped in understanding the concept.
• No analysis on multi focus fisheye views.

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Contribution

• Model helped us to understand Fisheye strategy .
• Help to make sense of research.
• Identify new opportunities.

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Generalizability

• The paper is itself for generalized fisheye views
• Discussed many fields where fisheye strategy is
  applicable.
• More models to follow..

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Future Work

• Some effects are not consistent with a simple
  fisheye model
• Can go with Multi focus fisheye

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Whats wrong

• Focus is specific not generic
• Concentration is only on simple fisheye views.
• No description of multi focus fisheye views.

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Favorite sentence

• In many contexts, humans often represent their
  own "neighborhood" in great detail, yet only
  major landmarks further away. This suggests that
  such views ("fisheye views") might be useful for
  the computer display of large information
  structures like programs, data bases, online text
  etc

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References

• 1 Robertson, G., D. McCracken and A. Newell The
• ZOG approach to man- machine communication,
• Technical Report CMU-CS-97-148, Department of
• Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University,
• Pittsburgh, PA, 1979.
• 2 D. C. Englebart and W. K. English, A research
  center
• for augmenting human intellect, AFIPS
  Conference
• Proceedings, Vol. 33, 1968, 15ff. Also SRI-ARC
  Catalog
• item 3954.

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Thank You

• Any questions?