Water Supply

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Water Supply
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Hydrologic Cycle Components

• evaporation conversion from liquid to vapor form
  (surface to atmosphere).
• transpiration evaporation from leaves of water
  extracted from soil by roots transported
  through the plant (surface to atmosphere).
• condensation conversion of vapor to liquid
  droplets.
• precipitation movement as rain, sleet, hail,
  snow (atmosphere to surface).
• infiltration movement into soil.
• runoff surface flow downslope to ocean.

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Available Water

• 97 in Oceans
• 3 Freshwater
• 2.997 in ice caps
• 0.003 is available for use

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Hydrologic Cycle
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Unique Properties of Water

• Is a liquid over wide temperature range.
• High Specific Heat resists temperature changes.
• Universal solvent.
• Filters Ultraviolet radiation.
• Expands when it freezes.

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Uses of Freshwater

• 69 for agriculturemost does not reach crops
  (6080 wasted) 800 gallons 1lb
  grainbeef
• 23 for industry (energy production various
  industry) 100,000 gallons 1 car1,000 gallons
  1lb of aluminum
• 8 for domestic municipal use

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Groundwater

• Zone of saturation area where ground is filled
  with water
• Water Table boundary between zone of saturation
  and surface movement of water table
• Aquifer areas through which groundwater flows

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Groundwater System
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Hydrology

• surface water precipitation that does not
  infiltrate the ground or evaporate
• watershed region from which water drains into a
  water body
• groundwater water that infiltrates the ground
  is stored in voids between soil particles
• aquifers porous, watersaturated layers of soil
  or rock through which groundwater flows
• recharge area any area of land through which
  water passes into an aquifer

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Water Shortages

• 40 of world population now experiences chronic
  water shortages
• Much of western US and even midwesten to eastern
  US experiencing water shortage issues
• Water should be key issue throughout this century

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Causes

• Dry Climate
• Drought 21 day period where precipitation is
  70 lower
• Desiccation Drying of soil grazing and
  deforestation
• Water Stress overuse of existing water supplies
  due to increasing populations

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Increasing Water Supplies

• Reservoirs
• storage of water for later use
• provides recreational, water, electric,
  irrigation benefits
• loss of land, fisheries impacts, impact on
  landscape

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Water Transfer

• movement of water from one basin to another
• provides water where needed
• upsets natural balance, impacts regions through
  too much and too little water

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Groundwater Use

• pumping water from ground 96 of water use in
  rural areas, 20 in urban.
• only source of water in many areas Florida,
  Idaho, Hawaii.
• aquifer depletion, subsidence (sinking) and salt
  water intrusion

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Groundwater Pollution
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Other Methods

• Desalination
• removal of salts from water reverse osmosis and
  distillation
• supplies of water for areas along coast
  Florida, California, Middle East
• very expensive use of electricity, disposal of
  brine
• Cloud Seeding and Ice Berg Towing
• Possible in future
• Legal and ecological issues

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Water Conservation

• 65-75 of world water used is wasted through
  leaks, evaporation and other losses. US 50.
• Water is cheap leading to waste
• Division of governance over water throughout a
  basin leads to waste

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Water Conservation

• Lining of irrigation canals to prevent seepage
  and evaporation
• Sprinkler systems
• Computer controls
• Recycled wastewater
• Reengineered processes for less water consumption
• In homes
• 78 of water use is through bathing, washing
  hands and flushing toilets up to 80 for lawns
• use of low water intensive landscaping, low flow
  showerheads and toilets, brick in toilet works
  better low flow showerheads in dorms???
• Rebates for low water use

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Flooding

• Building in floodplains
• Increased impervious surface
• Removal of vegetation

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Remedies

• straightening and deepening streams
• building levees and dams
• restoring wetlands
• removing people from floodplains