The Big Picture

1
The Big Picture

• Bond University, IT School
• Tan AlamAcknowledgment Alexander Zangerl

2
PART A INTERNET Internet History

• http//www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
• 1969 ARPA
• ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency (US)
• Commissioned by DoD during cold war
• Control over network to service Nuce War
• public teleph net was vulnerable
• packet-switching network
• 4 node ARPANET (UCLA, SRI, UCSB, UoU)

3
Internet History

• 1975
• First ARPANET mailing list, MsgGroup, is created
  by Steve Walker.
• John Vittal develops MSG, the first all-inclusive
  email program providing replying, forwarding
  capabilities.

4
Internet History

• 1983 Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin,
  no longer requiring users to know the exact path
  to other systems
• 1985 NSF (US national science foundation) links
  supercomputers universities
• late 80's
• first commercial ISPs

5
Internet History

• 1990 ANS (Advance Networks and Services) took
  over NSFNET,
• Updated 1.5 Mbps links to 45 Mbps
• Early 90's NSF awarded contract to PacBell,
  Ameritech, MFS, Sprint to build NAPs
• -- to ease transition and make sure every
  regional network could communicate with every
  other regional network

6
Internet History

• Mid 90's
• explosive growth of the net
• Mosaic 1, web browser (hit the market in 93,
  images)
• Netscape 1 was founded in Dec 94, Mozilla
• Sun Java was invented

7
Internet History

• Late 90's
• net abuse censorship
• Microsoft tries to reinvent/control/rule
• Browser War
• http//www.quirksmode.org/browsers/history.html
• Microsoft targeted web designers with little
  knowledge
• Reflow of pages

8
What is the Internet?

• A global network of networks
• network connecting hosts
• hosts can transparently communicate with other
  hosts
• provide services
• access services
• based on IP packet switching

9
Involved Parties

• User PC
• at home/company
• multimedia (sound, video, graphics)
• User Communication Equipment
• Modem (plugs into phone, 56 kbit/s)
• Cable modem (plugs into Cable TV outlet) 2-10Mbit
• ISDN adapter (plugs into ISDN outlet) 2x 64kbit

10
Parties (cont'd)

• Organisation Communication Equipment
• Ethernet card (plugs into LAN, 10, 100Mbit)
• Token Ring card (plugs into LAN)
• company firewall (hopefully well configured)
• Router plugs into leased line (LL) etc.

11
Parties (cont'd)

• ISPs (Internet Service Provider)
• Dial-up infrastructured, lease line
  infrastructure
• backbone (Ethernet, optic fibre, satellite links)
• services
• transport of your data to and from the internet
• DNS, mail, web hosting
• national peering (NAPs)
• international connectivity/peering

12
Parties (cont'd)

• Carriers
• backbone providers
• ATT, Sprint, MCI/WorldCom, CW, Qwest
• optic fibre (Gbits)
• switches
• interconnection points (bridges, hubs, repeaters
  etc.)

13
Online providers (classes)

• Carriers (Sprint, ATT, CW, Qwest)
• only (leasable) lines
• Internet Service Provider (BigPond, ...)
• IP traffic routing, essential services (DNS)
• Content Service Providers (AOL, MSN)
• IP traffic and content
• online news, ....

14
Internet Administration

• No central authority
• organisational bodies
• IANA (provides DNS, http//www.iana.org/)
• ICANN (http//www.icann.org/
• new assignment authority)
• IETF, engineering task force (www.ietf.org)
• W3O, world wide web consortium (http//www.w3.org/
  )
• CERT (Internet security)

15
Internet Standards

• RFCs,
• request for comments
• published concept, technique or protocol as draft
• IETF gives comments
• work groups, related issues
• review process
• publishing queue of editor
• RFC2223

16
Internet Impact

• accessibility of information
• experts, governments, university
• speed of technology change
• new industries
• ISPs, web agencies, consulters, application
  providers, portals
• e-commerce (C2B, B2B)
• reseller chains, interfacing/tracking customers

17
Internet Impact

• Results
• decentralized
• not really easy to control
• but all governments would like to...
• lots of anti-privacy laws...

18
Netiquette

• Conduct guidelines
• RFC1855
• Mail be concise, don't fire mails in anger
• Be proud of what you say
• Web be careful when doing e-commerce
• VideoConferencing wear shirts -)

19
PART B

• Binary to Decimal
• Decimal to Binary
• Hex
• https//james.bond.edu.au/courses/inft12230/043/La
  bs/week1.html
• Gates AND, OR

20
Measuring Data
21
Throughput and Bandwidth

• Throughput - the amount of data that a
  communications channel can carry during a given
  period of time.
• The physical nature of every communications
  channel determines its potential throughput.
• Bandwidth - a measure of the difference between
  the highest and lowest frequencies that a media
  can transmit.

22
Terminology

• Standalone workstation - a workstation that is
  not connected to a network, but relies on its own
  hard disk for operating system files, data
  storage and applications.
• Client - a workstation or Node/Host connected to
  a network. A person whose workstation is part of
  a network may also be called a client, or that
  person may be known more informally as a user.
• Server special purpose Nodes/Hosts on a network
  that can store shared data and programs. They can
  also perform management functions, such as
  determining which users have access to certain
  programs.

23
Terminology
24
Requirements for Connectivity
25
Requirements for Communications

• Node - any device (for example, a server, client,
  or printer) that can receive a transmission over
  a network. To receive data, each node must have a
  unique address, or identifying number.
• Protocol - a policy/standard that governs how the
  parts of a network communicate

26
Servers

• Server - A Node/Host on the network that manages
  shared resources.
• Network operating system (NOS) - software that
  can manage not only data, but also users, groups,
  security, and applications on the network.

27
LANS, MANS, and WANS

• Local area network (LAN) - a network of nodes
  (computers and other devices) that is confined to
  a relatively small space, such as one building or
  even one office. Usually under local
  administration control and owned by the
  organization.

28
LANS, MANS, and WANS

• Metropolitan area network (MAN) - a network that
  connects nodes and network segments in multiple
  buildings in a region. Usually connecting
  sub-networks (subnets) or small networks together
  to form a larger network. These networks are
  usually owned by the one company or connected
  together for business reasons. Administration
  can be centralized or distributed in-house or
  independent.

29
LANS, MANS, and WANS

• Wide area network (WAN) - a network that connects
  two or more geographically distinct LANs into one
  larger network enabling the nodes on all networks
  to communicate with each other

30
LANS, MANS, and WANS
31
LANS, MANS, and WANS
32
LANS, MANS, and WANS
33
The Internet

• The Internet is a unique WAN not only because of
  its size, but also because of its diversity.
• It may transmit confidential information between
  two offices within the same organization, or it
  may transmit public records to anyone who
  requests them.
• To connect users from around the globe, the
  Internet relies on a hierarchical structure of
  connection points, just as the PSTN relies on a
  hierarchy of central offices.
• An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company
  that operates a network and provides consumers
  with a link to the Internet.

34
The Internet
35
Switching

• A method of establishing connections and sending
  information between nodes on a network
• Used in both voice and data communication
• Circuit, message, packet switching,

36
Circuit Switching

• Establishing a connection between two devices on
  a network, before they begin transmitting data.
• All data follows the same path (set up) between
  the two devices
• Bandwidth is reserved and dedicated to the path
  until the connection is terminated.
• Can be inefficient use of bandwidth, good for
  real-time applications eg.voice, video, etc.

37
Telephone Circuit Switching
38
Message Switching

• Store and Forward
• Same path
• Not dedicated connection allows sharing of
  channels
• Requires intermediate nodes to have storage
  capacity
• Not often used except for E-mail

39
Message Switching
40
Packet Switching

• Most common
• Large data/message is split into specific size
  (max) Packets
• Each packet has the source and destination
  address and its place in the larger message
• Each packet can travel a different path to the
  destination
• All packets are reassembled back into the larger
  message at the final destination ONLY

41
Packet Switching

• Advantages
• Each packet can find the fastest path available
  (now)
• Each packet can take a different path and not
  have to travel single file
• Disadvantages
• Some time is needed to reassemble packets into
  the larger message at the destination
• Some packets may be delayed on their path
  meaning the reassembly is delayed
• Some packets may be lost on their path meaning
  that some packets reach the destination but not
  all so reassembly is impossible
• These time delays make it unsuitable for
  real-time applications

42
Packet Switching