Everything you wanted to know about APA'

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Everything you wanted to know about APA.

• but were afraid to ask.

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Academic Departments

• www.stfx.ca
• http//www.stfx.ca/academic/psychology/

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Lab Format
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• Title Page
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Method
• Participants
• Apparatus
• Procedure
• Results
• Discussion
• References

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Essay Format
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• Title Page
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Sub Topic A
• Sub Topic B
• Sub Topic C
• Conclusion
• References

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Supporting Your Arguments

• Paraphrase carefully
• Always cite paraphrases

http//library.stfx.ca/help/plagiarism.php
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Removing Bias in Language
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Gender Neutral Pronouns

• When an individual conducts this kind of
  self-appraisal, he is a much stronger person
• When individuals conduct this kind of
  self-appraisal, they are much stronger persons.

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Pronoun Agreement

• The researcher was . . . they
• Researchers were they
• An individualthey ..
• The individuals.they
• A participant wasthey ..
• The participants were.they ..

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People first, not disability
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Do not label people by their disability
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Overextending a disability
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Neutral Expressions
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Issues of Designation
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Issues of Designation
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Problems of Evaluation
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Problems of Evaluation
http//apastyle.apa.org/
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Numbers and Variables

• Xs and Os Xs and Os
• In the 1990s, In the 1990s

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Numbers

• Each of the nine participants was .
• Each of the 40 participants was..
• Forty participants were.

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Numbers

• Grouped for comparison
• 3 of 21 analyses
• 2 of the 20 responses
• but
• 15 traits on each of four checklists (traits
  and checklists are not being compared)

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Numbers

• Representing mathematical functions
• 3 times as many
• more than 5 of the sample

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Numbers

• Representing time, dates, ages, sample, or
  population size
• 2-year-olds
• In about 3 years . . .
• 2 weeks ago
• 3 participants (but seven observers)

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Numbers

• Back-to-back modifiers
• 2 two-way interactions
• Ten 7-point scales
• Twenty 6-year-olds

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Referencing

• RefWorks
• www.stfx.ca/

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One Author

• One recent study showed another link between
  stress and peer pressure, which .. (McKenna,
  2004).
• McKenna (2004) showed another link between
  stress and peer pressure, which ..

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Two Authors always use both names

• The ethical implications are (Majumder
  Pencer, 2002).
• Majumder and Pencer (2002) discussed ....

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3,4,or 5 Authors First Citation

• They proved that .. (Brebner, Lomore,
  Edwards, 2004).
• Brebner, Lomore, and Edwards (2004) proved
  that...

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3,4, or 5 Authors Subsequent Citations

• Shorten to first surname et al.
• The research proved that.(Chisholm et al.,
  2004).
• Chisholm et al. (2002) discovered that.

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Six Automatically use first surname et al.

• They clarified their results by.
• (MacLean et al., 2005).
• MacLean et al. (2005) clarified the
• results by..

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Secondary Sources

• Stern (1975, as cited in Bigelow, 2002)
  described ..
• The researcher described.. (Stern, 1975, as
  cited in Bigelow, 2002).

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Reference Article from a Journal

• Connell, D. (1997). Participatory
• development An approach
• sensitive to class and gender.
• Development Practice, 7(3), 248-
• 259.

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Reference Article with no DOI Assigned

• Sillick, T. J., Schutte, N. S. (2006).
  Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate
  between perceived early parental love and adult
  happiness.
• E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 3848.
  Retrieved from http//ojs.lib.swin.
  edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/ 7/1/100

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Reference Article with DOI Assigned

• Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy
  and analytic therapy in trauma treatment.
  American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4),
  482488. doi10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

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The Writing Centre

• Come and see us.
• Call for an appointment.

867-5221