Chapter Eleven 1

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Business Data Communications

• Chapter Eleven
• Trends in
• Business Data Communications

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Primary Learning Objectives

• Understand the elements of convergence
• Define unified messaging
• Identify three leading wireless implementations
• Describe IPv6
• Name four emerging career areas

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Elements of Convergence

• Convergence
• The integration of data, voice, audio, and video
• Carried seamlessly over the same infrastructure
• Available from any location
• Accessible from many types of devices
• Compatible with many types of software platforms
• Based on world-wide standards
• Resulting in pervasive computing

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Elements of Convergence
Pervasive computing implies a technology so
widely accepted and commonly used as to be an
every day aspect of life, such as driving a car,
using a telephone, or listening to the radio
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Elements of Convergence

• SOAP Small Personal Object Technology
• SIP Session Initiation Protocol
• IM Instant messaging
• XML Extensible Markup Language
• SAML Security Assertion Markup Language
• XMPP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol

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Unified Messaging

• A possible next killer application
• Is structured to deliver multiple message systems
  into one common inbox
• Allows for multiple message systems access from
  one common portal
• Is intended to simplify complex message systems
  delivery into a single, integrated system
• Fax
• Land phone
• Cell phone
• E-mail
• Web browser

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Unified Messaging

• Can be tied or associated with database
  technology
• Provides for speech-to-text capability
• Provides for text-to-speech capability
• Is designed to accommodate different
  communication technologies, using different
  media, and different devices
• Must be flexible enough to accommodate
  traditional services, such as PBX implementations

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Unified Messaging
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Wireless Implementations

• Are another possible next killer application
• Will be essential if applications such as IM and
  UM are to meet their promise
• Must address concerns related to security,
  bandwidth, and standardization
• Range from global, to local, to personal
• 3G
• 802.11
• Bluetooth

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Wireless Implementations 3G, Global

• Third generation wireless
• Evolved from 1G and 2G
• Designed to support traditional as well as
  multimedia forms of data
• Provides for wide-area mobile communications
  using a worldwide standard Universal Mobile
  Telecommunications System (UMTS)
• Is a broadband, packet-based wireless
  transmission
• Provides for three types of data rates

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Wireless Implementations 3G, Global

• Data rates
• 144 Kbps for automotive
• 384 Kbps for pedestrian
• 2 Mbps for interior
• Is capable of
• Fixed and variable rate bit traffic
• Bandwidth on demand
• Multimedia mail storage and forwarding
• Allows for various billing methods including
• Pay-per-bit
• Fixed flat rate

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Wireless Implementations 3G, Global
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Summary of 1G to 4G
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Wireless Implementations 802.11, Local

• An umbrella standard of the IEEE containing, from
  oldest to newest
• 802.11b
• 802.11a
• 802.11g
• Positioned as a wireless LAN solution
• Referred to as Wi-Fi, for wireless fidelity

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Wireless Implementations 802.11, Local

• 802.11b
• The oldest of the 802.11 protocols
• Operates in the 2.4 GHz range
• Provides for three non-overlapping channels
• Supports a maximum throughput of 11 Mbps per
  channel
• Has a range of 328 feet
• Is not compatible with 802.11a
• Is compatible with 802.11g
• Generally less expensive than 802.11a and 802.11g

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Wireless Implementations 802.11, Local

• 802.11a
• Developed after 802.11b, even though it has an
  a designation
• Operates in the 5 GHz range
• Provides for twelve non-overlapping channels
• Supports a maximum throughput of 54 Mbps per
  channel
• Has a range of 80 feet
• Is not compatible with 802.11b
• Is not compatible with 802.11g
• Is generally more expensive than 802.11b but less
  expensive than 802.11g

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Wireless Implementations 802.11, Local

• 802.11g
• The latest of the 802.11 group
• Operates in the 2.4 GHz range
• Provides for three non-overlapping channels
• Supports a maximum throughput of 54 Mbps per
  channel
• Has a range of 328 feet
• Is compatible with 802.11b
• Is not compatible with 802.11a
• Is generally more expensive than either 802.11b
  or 802.11a

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Wireless Implementations 802.11, Local

• Is associated with
• WAP Wireless Application Protocol
• An application environment for mobile devices
• A platform-independent open standard
• Utilizes WML, Wireless Markup Language
• WEP Wired Equivalent Protocol
• Intended as a wireless security solution
• In practice, has proven easy to hack into
• 802.11i, a new IEEE wireless security protocol
  that addresses the weak security issues related
  to WEP
• WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), a wireless security
  protocol sponsored by Microsoft, Intel, Cisco,
  and Apple, also in response to WEPs weaknesses

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Wireless Implementations Bluetooth, Personal

• Creates a personal area network (PAN)
• Uses low-power radio transmissions
• Transmits at 1 Mbps
• Uses frequency hopping at 1,600 hops per second
  for security
• Particularly associated with such devices as
  scanners, cameras, keyboards, mice, printers,
  etc.
• Intended for wireless communication among devices
  in close proximity less than a 1,000 feet

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Wireless Implementations

• Hot spots
• Locations where roaming users find wireless
  access for Internet connectivity
• Generally requires users to pay a small fee
• Can be sniffed out, or in many cases located on
  the WWW
• War driving
• Associated with hackers in vehicles sniffing out
  wireless access points for unauthorized network
  penetration

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IPv6

• Will gradually replace IPv4
• Is also called IPng for Internetworking Protocol,
  next generation
• Provides for 128 bit addressing, referred to as
  hexadecimal colon notation
• DA3F38C71934EC8B56710000A69021ED
• Allows for three addressing types
• Unicast
• Includes the Unspecified and Loopback addresses
• Multicast
• Requires subscription
• Anycast
• For packets with the same header prefix

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IPv6

• Defines a packet with three potential components
• A required header, fixed at 40 bytes
• An optional extension header
• The message, or payload
• By design provides for and incorporates
• Prioritization of packets
• Handling for multimedia types of data
• Encryption
• Authentication
• Significant flexibility in addressing design

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IPv6

• Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6
• Dual stack
• Devices run both protocol stacks
• Tunneling
• Intended for two IPv6 devices that must
  communicate through an IPv4 network
• Can be automatic or configured
• For configured tunneling a router is the likely
  mechanism for protocol translation
• Header Translation
• Intended for IPv6 packets traveling through an
  IPv6 network, but the receiver is ultimately an
  IPv4 device

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Careers in Data Communications

• The traditional job ladder
• Entry-level help desk, PC technician, network
  technician assistant
• 2nd-level network technician, typically sent
  out in the field to maintain, configure, and
  troubleshoot client devices and also assist
  end-users
• 3rd-level network architect/designer, helps the
  business to design local networking solutions
• 4th-level network administration, managing a
  staff with departmental responsibilities, usually
  at a functional level
• 5th-level upper management, assisting the
  business in planning its strategic direction and
  how to meet those goals

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Careers in Data Communications

• Research shows a direct relationship between
  formal education level achieved and potential
  income earned
• The more you learn, the more you earn!
• Popular career certifications, one means of
  demonstrating technical mastery, include
• A Comptia - Vendor Neutral
• Network Comptia - Vendor Neutral
• CCNA and CCNP Cisco
• MCP and MCSE Microsoft
• CNA and CNE Novell

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Emerging Careers in Data Communications

• Predicted emerging career fields include
• XML designers
• Security specialists
• Wireless technologists
• IPv6 professionals
• Each of the technologies we have covered in this
  text (LANs, BNs, MANs, and WANs) has a host of
  career opportunities and specializations

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In Summary

• Pervasive computing is transforming what is meant
  by data communications
• Emerging applications include IM and UM
• Wireless technologies are poised for wide-scale
  implementation
• IPv6 will gradually replace IPv4
• Your career is waiting for you
• Good Luck!