Deborah Estrin, Director

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Embedded Cyber Infrastructure

• Deborah Estrin, Director
• NSF Science and Technology Center for Embedded
  Networked Sensing (CENS)
• We gratefully acknowledge the support of our
  sponsors, including the National Science
  Foundation, Intel Corporation, Sun Inc., Crossbow
  Inc., and the participating campuses.

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What is Embedded Cyber Infrastructure and WHYis
it so important to the NSF community ?

• Micro-sensors, on-board processing, wireless
  interfaces feasible at very small scale--can
  monitor phenomena up close
• Enables spatially and temporally dense
  environmental monitoring
• Embedded Networked Sensing is revealing
  previously unobservable phenomena

Contaminant Transport
Ecosystems, Biocomplexity
Marine Microorganisms
Seismic Structure Response
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ENS enabled by Networked Sensor Node Developments
LWIM III UCLA, 1996 Geophone, RFM radio, PIC,
star network
AWAIRS I UCLA/RSC 1998 Geophone, DS/SS Radio,
strongARM, Multi-hop networks
Sensor Mote UCB, 2000 RFM radio, Atmel, TinyOS
Medusa, MK-2 UCLA NESL 2002
Telos Mote UCB, 2004 Zigbee radio, Motorolla
Energy is the primary resource constraint and
communications is the primary consumer
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Technology Design Themes

• Long-lived systems that can be untethered
  (wireless) and unattended
• Communication will be the persistent primary
  consumer of scarce energy resources (Mote
  720nJ/bit xmit, 4nJ/op)
• Autonomy and highly dynamic, irregular
  environments requires robust, adaptive,
  self-configuring systems
• Leverage data processing inside the network
• Exploit computation near data to reduce
  communication, achieve scalability
• Collaborative signal processing and localized
  algorithms
• Flexible tasking incorporating models, analysis,
  fusion with other data sources
• The network is the sensor (MangesSmith,
  Oakridge Natl Labs, 10/98)
• Requires robust distributed systems of hundreds
  of physically-embedded, unattended, and often
  untethered, devices.

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Science Application System Development

• Biology/Biocomplexity
• Microclimate monitoring
• Triggered image capture
• Contaminant Transport
• County of Los Angeles Sanitation Districts
  (CLASD) wastewater recycling project, Palmdale,
  CA
• Seismic monitoring
• 50 node ad hoc, wireless, multi-hop seismic
  network
• Structure response in USGS-instrumented Factor
  Building
• Marine microorganisms
• Detection of a harmful alga
• Experimental testbed w/autonously adapting sensor
  location

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Common Services/Tools for Robust, Scalable,
Flexible, Deployable Embedded Cyberinfrastructure
Localization Time Synchronization
Calibration
In Network Processing
Programming Model
Routing and Transport
Event Detection

• Needed Reusable, Modular, Flexible,
  Well-characterized Services/Tools
• Routing and transport
• Channel characterization, configuration
• Time synchronization, Localization, Calibration
• In Network Querying, Processing, Tasking
• Adaptive sampling algorithms and methodology
• System measurement and management

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Example emerging capabilityNetworked Info
Mechanical Systems (NIMS)

• Robotic, aerial access to full 3-D environment
• Sensor Diversity
• Diversity in sensing resources, locations,
  perspectives, topologies
• Enable reconfiguration to reduce uncertainty and
  calibration
• Coordinated Mobility
• Enables self-awareness of Sensing Uncertainty
• NIMS Infrastructure
• Enables speed, efficiency
• Low-uncertainty mobility
• Provides resource transport for sustainable
  presence
• Enable sample acquisition
• (Kaiser, Pottie, Estrin, Srivastava, Sukhatme,
  Villasenor--NSF ITR)

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Adaptive Sampling for Environmental Robotics

• Robot as Geostatitics agent
• Creating a dynamic Map of the environment

• Divide and Conquer
• Stratify the current cell into four
• Collect data in current cells
• Calculate the variance
• Iterate until variance is below threshold

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Macroprogramming

• State of the art
• Components, initializations, and wirings are
  handcrafted for applications optimized by eye,
  not by a compiler
• Complexity has required application development
  by systems programmers, not end users
• Objective
• Automate the difficult parts of application
  construction. Its goal is to provide a way for
  non-programmers to easily develop efficient
  sensor network Macroprogramming Solutions

• Macroprogramming Solutions
• Users describe service requirements
• Compiler
• weaves together underlying components to optimize
  structure
• merges components with compatible initializations
• chooses components with superset functionality

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Emstar Development and Deployment Software
Collaborative Sensor Processing Application
Domain Knowledge
3d Multi- Lateration
State Sync
Reusable Software
(Flexible Interconnects not a strict stack)
Topology Discovery
Acoustic Ranging
Neighbor Discovery
Reliable Unicast
Leader Election
Time Sync
Radio
Sensors
Audio
Hardware
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Activities for Cyberinfrastructure Investment

• Embeddable Devices
• Energy-conserving platforms, radios
• Miniaturized, autonomous, sensors
• Standardized software interfaces

• Deployed systems in support of
• engineering and science applications
• Environmental, Civil, Bioengineering
• Bio and Earth Sciences

• Collaboration
• CISE systems
• Other NSF Divisions apply and test systems
  (biological sciences, earth sciences)
• Other agencies and industry extend
  systems(DOE, EPA, DHS, DOD, )

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Grade 7-12 Science EducationSensor Networks as
Experimental tool
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New Directions
Security
Theatre, Film, Television
Precision Agriculture
Tropical Biology
Coral Reef
Gaming
Global Seismic Grids/Facilities
Adaptive
Sampling
High
Integrity
NIMS
RFID
Bayesian
Techniques
Macroprogramming
Adaptive Sampling
NIMS
Tools
RFIDs
High Integrity Systems
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Ethical, Legal, Social Implications
Pervasive Computing The ethical, legal, and
policy issues must be addressed during the design
and use stages of these Embedded Network
systemsA more in-depth analysis of public
policy issues is urgently needed that would lead
to appropriate recommendations for solving likely
problems.National Academy of Sciences

• D. Cuff, J. Kang
• Interesting Developments
• RFIDs You might not care about someone
  tracking your razor bladesbut what about your
  tires?
• Camera phones
• Fusion of sensor modalities

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Background and Follow up

• Embedded Everywhere A Research Agenda for
  Networked Systems of Embedded Computers, Computer
  Science and Telecommunications Board, National
  Research Council - Washington, D.C.,
  http//www.cstb.org/
• Environmental Cyberinfrastructure Needs for
  Distributed Sensor Networks, A Report from a
  National Science Foundation Sponsored Workshop,
  12-14 August, 2003, Scripps Institute of
  Oceanography.
• Conferences ACM Sensys (Nov 03), WSNA, IPSN,
  SNPA (ICC), Mobihoc, Mobicom, Mobisys, Sigcomm,
  Infocom, SOSP, OSDI, ASPLOS, ICASSP,
• CENS website http//cens.ucla.edu
• Who is involved
• Active research programs in many CS (networking,
  databases, systems, theory, languages) and EE
  (low power, signal processing, comm, information
  theory) departments
• Industrial research activities at Intel, PARC,
  Sun, HP, Agilent, Motorola
• Startup activity at Crossbow, Sensicast, Dust
  Inc, Ember,