POPULATION%20OUTLOOK%20Kazakhstan%20and%20Countries%20of%20Central%20Asia

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POPULATION OUTLOOKKazakhstan and Countries of
Central Asia

• European Population Forum

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Socio-Economic Development

• KAZAKHSTAN - Achievements
• Fastest Growing Economy among CAR
• GDP growth 9.5 in 2002, 10.2 in first half
  2003
• Inflation decreased to 7-8
• Budget deficit decreased (1.4 surplus in 2003)
• Increase in social sector programmes

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Socio-Economic Development(cont.)

• KAZAKHSTAN - Issues
• Poverty and Social Stratification
• richest 10 receive 26 of national wealth vs.
  poorest receive only 2
• Rural poverty is almost twice as much as urban
  (38 vs. 20.4)
• Most vulnerable least protected (women and youth,
  especially in rural areas)

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Socio-Economic Development(cont.)

• KAZAKHSTAN - Issues
• Population decline - since 1991 population
  reduced by 1.7 million due to
• emigration
• reduced fertility
• increased mortality (particularly among men)
• Turkmenistan is also concerned with population
  decline
• Uzbekistan - high fertility in rural areas

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Socio-Economic Development(cont.)

• KAZAKHSTAN - Issues
• Decreasing health status of population
• Unhealthy behavior practices
• Lack of life skills and knowledge of healthy
  lifestyles
• Poor attitudes to own health
• Poor ecology

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National Population and Development Policies

• KAZAKHSTAN
• National development strategies 2030 and 2010
• Poverty reduction programme
• Demographic and migration programme
• Rural development programme
• National Plan on environment for sustainable
  development

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National Population and Development
Policies(cont.)

• Kyrgyz Republic population issues addressed in
  various documents, but no integrated policy or
  strategy exists
• Turkmenistan social protection of vulnerable,
  environmental and internal migration policies
• Uzbekistan population issues integrated into
  development policies and reforms
• Tajikistan PRSP, environmental policies,
  internal migration policies

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Gender Equality, Equity and Women Empowerment

• Kazakhstan and republics of Central Asia are the
  signatories of the ICPD PoA and Beijing Platform
  of Actions
• Legislation and relevant institution established
• Kazakhstan National Commission on Family and
  Women Affairs under the President of RK
• Uzbekistan Bureau on Gender and Development
• Similar establishments and/or enabling
  legislation on gender exist in Kyrgyz Republic,
  Tajikistan and Turkmenistan

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Gender Equality, Equity and Women
Empowerment(cont.)

• Gender Violence and Discrimination
• Kazakhstan
• Gender differentials in key socio-economic
  indicators
• Gender Stereotyping
• Lower carrier perspectives
• Reported domestic violence
• Similar situation in other CA countries

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Gender Equality, Equity and Women
Empowerment(cont.)

• Gender Violence and Discrimination
• Kazakhstan
• Units combating abuse against women formed in
  1999 in the Ministry of Internal Affairs
• Network of crisis centers established
• Planned adopting of the Law Concerning Domestic
  Violence and the Law on Introducing Additions to
  the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan
  Regarding the Issues of Illegal Trafficking and
  Migration for Purposes of Sexual or any other
  Exploitation

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Reproductive Rights and Reproductive Health

• Kazakhstan
• MMR is highest among CA countries 50.5 per
  100,000 livebirths
• High rate of pregnancy and delivery complications
  60
• Causes of maternal deaths
• Insufficient management of obstetric emergencies
  (hemorrhages, infections, eclampsia, etc)
• Abortions
• Poor health nutritional status
• Poor quality of antenatal care

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Reproductive Rights and Reproductive Health
(cont.)

• Kazakhstan
• Contraceptive prevalence rate on rise 50.7
  (MoH, 2002)
• Unmet need for family planning 8.7 (DHS, 1999)
• Access and quality of reproductive health
  services poor, particularly in rural areas

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Abortion Trends in Kazakhstan

• During 10 years the absolute amount of abortions
  in RK decreased by 2.3 times. All indicators
  defining abortions have improved 1 abortion
  accounts for each 2 childbirths
• Number of abortions per 1000 females in
  reproductive age decreased by 2.2 times
• Number of abortions per 100 births decreased
  almost twice
• But discrepancies between official and
  independent sources on abortion and its
  complications limits analysis of abortion related
  maternal deaths

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Abortions in Kazakhstan
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
1999 2000 2001 2002
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Adolescents and Youth

• Kazakhstan
• STIs on the rise
• Drug abuse 40,000 officially registered
  estimated 250,000
• Smoking 10 of adolescents under 14 years, 20
  under 16 years, and 70 under 24 years.
• Al?ohol 6 of adolescents under 16 years, up to
  80 of under 24s
• Reproductive Health only 20 adolescents under
  17 are healthy. 7000 abortions among girls under
  17 of which secundigravidae - 53,8 (NHLS, 2003)
• 24 HIV positive among adolescents under 14
• 411 HIV positive among adolescents 15-19 years

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HIV/AIDS in Kazakhstan

• Spread of HIV/AIDS in Kazakhstan at a fastest
  pace among countries of Former Soviet Union
• 3788 HIV positive in September 2003
• 205 HIV positive pregnant women
• 80 IDUs among HIV positive
• 17 of men and 33 of women ages 15 to 19 are not
  aware of HIV prevention measures
• Enacted the Concept Paper and National Programme
  on Counteracting of HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the
  Republic of Kazakhstan for 2001-2005.

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Partnerships

• Partnerships
• UNFPA and other UN organizations,
• development agencies and donors
• Government
• Civil Society

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Best Practices

• Kazakhstan
• Focus on quality of care enabled developing and
  introducing evidence-based clinical protocols on
  a variety of reproductive health issues
• A continuing series of training for health
  professionals on modern contraceptive technology,
  management of STIs and RH counseling by national
  experts and NGOs
• Alliance of the Government with international
  community and civil society organisations paved
  the way for introducing population dimensions
  into development strategies
• Community-based distribution of information and
  services demonstrated its high value as a tool
  for social mobilization

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Best Practices
Kyrgyz Republic establishment of a
community-based Social Patronage System enabled
minimizing cases of infant and maternal mortality
Turkmenistan advocacy efforts led to
introduction of gender issues into sectoral
plans Uzbekistan running of a social
communication campaign covering a broad spectrum
of reproductive health issues Tajikistan
participatory approach involving Government
agencies, technical expertise and civil society
resulted in adoption of Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper
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Emerging Issues

• Kazakhstan
• Low understanding of reproductive rights among
  decision-makers may jeopardize development agenda
  of the country pursuing pro-natalist policy
• Lack of national expertise in demography and
  social statistics exacerbated by data problems
• Growing danger of HIV/AIDS well recognised but
  very little action in place. Actual level of the
  disease is likely 8-10 times exceeds official
  figures.
• Low capacity to detect STIs. Real dimensions
  unknown. High incidence of STIs may have serious
  impact on reproductive health of entire
  population.

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Health Legislation in Kazakhstan

• The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan as
  of 30.08.95 according to which the citizens have
  right to health care
• Citizens have right to get free guaranteed
  package of health care

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Legislation in the Area of Reproductive Health

• The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on
  Healthcare of the citizen of RK asof 19.05.97
  according to which
• a woman has right to decide herself the issue on
  maternity
• with a view of healthcare a woman has right to
  use the modern methods of contraception
• maternity in RK is preserved and encouraged
• maternity care is ensured by organizing of the
  wide network of specialized medical
  organisations, benefit payments on account of
  childs birth, efficient employment of pregnant
  women, ensuring maternity leave with benefit
  payments to child-care.

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Legislation on health protection of children
and pregnant women

• The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Health
  Protection of the Citizens of RK dated 19.05.97
  according to which
• the Government protects the rights and interests
  of children who are to be under medical
  examination and constant and dispensary
  observation
• Adults must care about childrens health, their
  physical, intellectual and moral development, to
  bring up children to the healthy life style
• Pregnant women must get registered in maternity
  healthcare centers
• Parents should follow regulations promoting the
  birth of healthy children

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Legislation (continued)

• The Law of RK on Marriage and Family as of
  17.12.1998
• A person under 18 years old is recognized as a
  child.
• Every child has right to live and be brought up
  in a family, to know her/his parents.
• Parents should provide care to their children
• Health legislation has been implemented
  through the State Programme Health of the Nation.
  Priorities identified in the programme include
  protection of maternal health, family planning,
  and building of health lifestyles

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Priorities of Reproductive Health in
Kazakhstan

• Improvement of reproductive health of
• population, formulation and training of
• skills for responsible attitude of people
• towards their own health

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Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

• At the present time in Kazakhstan exist more than
  150 womens NGOs
• Republican movement Women of Kazakhstan,
  Coalition of womens NGOs in operation.