DISCUSSION: TOURISM AND MODERNITY by Ning Wang Basic Definitions

1
DISCUSSIONTOURISM AND MODERNITY by Ning
WangBasic Definitions

• TRM 101-Introduction to Tourism

2
Points of The Article
WANG

• Importance of studying the phenomena of tourism
  for social sciences (i.e. Sociology) more than
  an economic indicator...
• ...represents the largest movement of human
  populations outside wartime (Crick, 1989310)
  The modern subject is on the move (Urry, 1995)
  not sedentary
• Study of tourism can help us understand the
  comtemporary society and people
• It is increasingly globalized and has global
  consequences (during the touristification)
• A lot of people and places are involved in
  new/modern kind of hospitality

3
Points of The Article
WANG

• The relation between tourism and modernity (as an
  ambivalent phenomena)

4
Definitions-Conceptual Arguments
WANG

• There is no commonly accepted definition of
  tourism or tourist
• Different definitions for different purposes
• What does this mean?
• The words tourist and tourism
• First appeared in 1500s
• In the late 18th century touristtraveler
  (neutral meaning)
• Middle of 19th century the word tourism required
  a negative connotationthe word traveler still
  have a positive meaning
• WHY?

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Definition of Tourism
LECTURE NOTE

• To Define Tourism You Need to Consider 4 Elements
  (holistic definitions)
• The tourist who seek psychological and physical
  experiences (and according to Wang, who is also
  influenced both by the suppliers and the values
  of the modernity)
• The suppliers who make profit by supplying the
  demand
• The governments who view tourism as a wealth
  factor in the economy and play a role in policy,
  development, promotion and implementation
• in economic terms governments approach tourism as
  invisible export, income redistribution from rich
  to developing countries
• in sociological terms a superiority-inferiority
  relation develops
• The host community local people who usually see
  tourism as a cultural and employment factor. The
  interaction between the host and the locals may
  be beneficial or harmful or both

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Tourism
LECTURE NOTE

• Holistic definiton
• Tourism may be defined as the processes,
  activities, and outcomes arising from the
  relationships and the interactions among
  tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments,
  host communities, and surrounding environments
  that are involved in the attracting and hosting
  of visitors (Goeldner, et al., 2006)
• Also see p.5 of Wang for other holistic definitons

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Tourism
WANG

• Supply-side definitions
• Tourism is the aggregate of all business that
  directly provide goods and services to facilitate
  business, pleasure and leisure activities away
  from home environment
• (Smith, 1988183,cited by Wang, p.6)
• Can we rather call this tourism
  industry/business instead?

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Tourism
LECTURE NOTE

• International Tourism
• Inbound tourism visits to a country by
  non-residents
• Outbound tourism visits by residents of a
  country to another country
• Domestic tourism tourism of residents of a
  country within the country
• Internal tourism tourism of residents and
  non-residents within the country
• National tourism domestic tourism outbound
  tourism
• Ref http//stats.oecd.org

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Visitor
LECTURE NOTE

• A visitor is defined as those persons who
  travel to a country other than that in which they
  have their usual residence but outside their
  usual environment for a period not exceeding
  twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is
  other than the exercise of an activity
  remunerated from within the place visited.
• This term constitutes the basic concept of entire
  system of tourism statistics

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The Tourist and The Excursionist
WANG

• Definition for statistical purposes
  (International Union of Official Travel
  Organizations, IUOTO,1963 later UNWTO)
• Tourist
• Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hrs and
  less than 12 months in the country visited and
  the purpose of the visit can be(a)eisure
  (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion and
  sport) (b)business, family, mission, meeting
• Excursonist
• Temporary vsitors staying less than 24 hrs in
  the country visites (including travelers on
  cruise ships)
• These definitions are characterized by behavioral
  and situational features such as temporal (24
  hrs), spatial (away from residence) and
  situational (not for pursuing an occupation in
  the place visited)

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The Tourist
WANG

• Other definitions by scholars(see p.4)
• Cohen (1974)The tourist is
• A temporal traveler not a permanent one like a
  nomad
• A voluntary traveler not a forced one like a
  prisoner of war
• A traveler on a round trip
• On a relatively longer journey not an
  excursionist
• On a non-recurrent trip not a holiday house
  owner
• A traveler whose trip is non-instrumentalnot
  like a businessman

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Visitors by Purpose of Travel
LECTURE NOTE

• Recreation Travelers (tourists)
• Business Travelers (partial tourists,
  semi-tourists)
• Other Travelers

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1. Recreation Travelers (tourists)
LECTURE NOTE

• Travel for leisure
• Can be grouped as
• Sun-lust (mass) tourists
• Wander-lust (cultural) tourists
• They are holiday makers and most of the tourism
  promotion activities are are geared towards them
• They are influenced by promotional campaigns
• They choose the destination by their own will
• They meet the travel expenditure from their own
  pocket

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Minium conditions to be a tourist
LECTURE NOTE

• Available leisure time, free time
• Disposable income of ones own budget
• Free will to travel, free choice of time and
  venue
• Round trip (tour)

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2. Business Travelers and Meeting Participants
(semi-tourists)
LECTURE NOTE

• They visit other countries as a result of their
  professional or trade activities
• It also includes incentive travels
• The travel venue is decided by the organization
  or association holding the meting
• The volume of this market is related to the
  scientific and economic development of the
  country.
• Costs of travel are paid fully or partially by
  the organizations that the participants are
  members of
• The expenditures of the travellers are usually
  tax-deductable which increases the expenditure at
  destination

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3.Other Travelers
LECTURE NOTE

• Wide range of purposes
• They travel for purposes other than leisure,
  holiday making, business or meeting but they use
  tourism and travel related servives
• Their travel decision cannot be influenced by
  tourism promotions
• Example VFR (visiting friends and relatives),
  old country visitors