Biology 11 - Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates

• Source of energy for living organisms
• Molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in
  a 121 ratio
• Ex. Glucose is C6H12 O6

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Carbohydrates Give Us Energy
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Carbohydrates

• Three types of CHOs
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides

SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
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Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides

• Only 1 sugar unit monomer
• Examples
• Glucose energy in cell
• Fructose fruit sugar sugar

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Monosaccharides

• Glucose is found in sport drinks
• Fructose is found in fruit
• Glucose Fructose found in honey
• Galactose milk sugar

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Monosaccharides

• Classified based on the number of carbon atoms

• TRIOSE 3 sugars
• TETROSES 4 sugars
• PENTOSE 5 sugars
• HEXOSE 6 sugars
• HEPTOSE 7 sugars

TRIOSE C3H6O3
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PENTOSE C5H10O5
HEXOSE C6H12O6
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Monosaccharides

• ISOMERS are compounds with the
• same chemical formula
• but
• different structure

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Isomers

• Glucose Fructose are isomers because theyre
  structures are different, but their chemical
  formulas are the same

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Examples of Isomers
VS
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Examples of Isomers
VS
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Examples of Isomers
VS
VS
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Polysaccharides

• Made of 2 or more sugar units polymer
• Example
• Glucose Fructose Sucrose
• (mono) (mono) (disaccharide)

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Examples of Polysaccharides
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
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Making Polysaccharides

• Dehydration Synthesis (condensation reaction)
• Removing water to make a larger molecule
• ie. Involved in making a disaccharide

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Breaking Polysaccharides

• Hydrolysis
• The opposite reaction
• Water is used to break large molecule into
  smaller one

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Closer look at Hydrolysis / Condensation
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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides
• A complex carbohydrate
• POLYMER Long chains of monosaccharides

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Condensation Reactions(polysaccharides)
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Important Polysaccharides

• STARCH
• A plant polysaccharide
• Energy storage molecule for plants
• Animals obtain energy from starch (potatoes,
  grain, and rice) by breaking it into glucose

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Important Polysaccharides

• GLYCOGEN
• An animal polysaccharide
• Excess sugar is stored temporarily in the form of
  glycogen
• Glycogen stores are found near muscle/liver cells

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Important Polysaccharides

• CELLULOSE
• Most abundant organic molecule on Earth
• Makes up fibrils tough cables in cellular
  walls of plants
• No nutritional value for humans, but provides
  roughage (dietary fiber)

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Cellulose
SUGARS
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Dietary Cellulose
Herbivores have bacteria in their digestive
tracts that can break down cellulose
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Important Polysaccharides

• Chitin
• Modified form of cellulose
• Forms exterior skeleton of insects and
  crustaceans (shrimp, lobsters, etc.)

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Carbohydrates and Fats Work Together
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Glucose Fuels the Body

• Large carbohydrates are broken down, before being
  used
• Small carbohydrates (glycogen) are stored for
  immediate needs of the body.

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Respiration Releases The Potential Energy in
Glucose