FUN IN THE SUN until someone gets burned

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FUN IN THE SUN until someone gets burned!!!

• By Katie Kuhn, Kim McGarigle, Carrie Michaels,
  and Carmesha Brown

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(No Transcript)
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The type of light that reaches earth from the sun
  is called ultraviolet light.
• There are two types UVA and UVB rays.

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Whats the Difference?

• UVA rays have a wavelength of 320-400nm.
• They make up 90-95 of the ultraviolet light that
  reaches earth.
• UVA rays penetrate furthest into the skin, and
  are the primary inducer of the tanning response.

• UVB rays have a wavelength of 290-320nm.
• They do not penetrate the skin as far but they
  have more energy and activate the synthesis of
  vitamin D and absorption of calcium.
• They are the primary cause of sunburn.

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Three Types of
Radiation Alpha Rays- are the weakest of these
rays they can be stopped by the
human hand. Beta Rays- are stronger than
alpha rays they can pass through a human hand
but they will be stopped by aluminum. Gamma Rays-
are the strongest of the three rays they can
pass through a human hand, aluminum but they will
not pass through lead. New Information
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How do UVA and UVB raysaffect the skin?

• The skin is composed of the proteins collagen and
  elastin.
• These proteins give the skin its strength and
  elasticity.
• Repeated exposure to the suns UVA and UVB rays
  will cause the strands of collagen and elastin to
  become frayed and tangled like an old rope.
• The result is prematurely sagging limp skin.

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The epidermis(the outermost layer of skin)
contains cells called melanocytes which produce
melanin. Melanin is a brown colored protein
that helps protect the skin from ultraviolet
light. Melanocytes produce melanin that protects
the skin when we receive ultraviolet radiation,
but even the darkest person has only a natural
SPF of 4. The picture on the left of the next
slide is the normal appearance of a 26-year-olds
skin, but the photo on the right is the same
person viewed under a special filtered light.
This shows that we all have skin damage, but it
does not become apparent until we age.
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The Physical Appearanceregular light
filtered light
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Melanoma

• One of the worst side effects of long-term sun
  exposure is a type of skin cancer called
  melanoma.
• Melanoma is a malignant tumor deriving from
  melanocytes harmed from repeated exposure to the
  suns radiation.
• According to the American Academy of Dermatology
  one person dies from malignant melanoma each
  hour.

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What can you do to protect your skin?

• The most efficient way to protect your skin is to
  avoid sun exposure, but if you do go outside an
  effective method of protection is to use
  sunscreen lotions.
• Sunscreens are chemicals that, when applied
  topically, keep UVR from reaching your skin

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Two types of sunscreens

• Organic-organic sunscreens are composed mainly of
  hydrogen and carbon.
• Inorganic-inorganic sunscreens are actually
  microscopic solid pieces of sunblock.

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How does each sunscreen protect your skin?

• Organic sunscreens absorb the UVB rays of the sun
  before they enter the skin.
• Para amino benzoic acid (PABA) and benzophenone
  are commonly used.

• Inorganic sunscreens are composed of microscopic
  pieces of solids that literally reflect the
  ultraviolet radiation.
• Titanium dioxide and Zinc oxide are commonly
  used.

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So what exactly are these compounds composed of?

• Organic
• Para amino benzoic acid
• C7H7NO2
• Benzophenone-6
• C15H14O5
• New Information

• Inorganic
• Titanium dioxide
• TiO2
• Zinc oxide
• ZnO

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Percent Mass of Organic Sunscreens According
to the Merck Index, the molecular weight of
PABA 137.14g/mol So, the percent of
C712.01g/mol/137.14g/mol Carbon61.31 The
percent of H71.01g/mol/137.14g/mol
Hydrogen5.15 The percent of N14.01g/mol/137.14g
/mol Nitrogen10.21 The percent of
O2216g/mol/137.14g/mol Oxygen23.33 The
molecular weight of Benzophenone-6274.27g/mol C6
5.69 H5.14
O29.17 New Information
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Percent Masses of Inorganic Sunscreens The
molecular weight of ZnO81.39g/mol Zinc 80.34
Oxygen19.66 The molecular weight of
TiO279.87g/mol Titanium59.93 Oxygen40.07
New Information
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When choosing your sunscreen

• Make sure the sun protection factor (SPF) is at
  least 15this means it blocks 95 of all UVB rays
  when it is applied properly.
• Preferably buy a sunscreen that contains ZnO
  because it blocks more ultraviolet radiation than
  any other single ingredient.
• New Information

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Is a tanning booth dangerous?

• Tanning beds have bulbs in them that produce UVA
  rays only.
• However, recent scientific studies show that UVA
  rays do damage DNA and over-exposure can cause
  skin cancer.
• Artificial UVA rays have shown to increase a
  persons risk of getting melanoma, sunburns,
  retinal damage, formation of cataracts,
  suppression of the immune system, and damage to
  the vascular system.

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So is this the same as leather tanning?

• Not at all!!!
• According to leathertown.com The process of
  turning the hide of a cow, pig, or goat into
  leather that can be worn by a person is called
  tanning. This usually involves many chemicals
  that make the hide resistant to rotting.

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Steps of Leather Tanning

• There are many steps involved in the process of
  making leather, but the actual tanning step can
  be done in one of two ways
• 1) Vegetable Tanning
• 2) Chrome Tanning

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Vegetable vs. Chrome Tanning

• Leathers for shoe soles, upholstery, harnesses,
  and heavy cases are created by vegetable tanning
  because it produces stiffer leathers.
• A protein called tannin that comes from the bark,
  leaves, and nuts of hemlock, oak, and chestnut
  trees is used to protect the hide from rotting.

• Chrome tanning takes only a few hours as opposed
  to vegetable tanning which takes several days,
  and it creates much softer leathers.
• The hides are soaked in a chromium sulfate
  solution and then a sodium bicarbonate solution.

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Chemical Formulas of Chrome Tanning Solutions

• Chromium sulfate
• Cr2(SO4)3
• Sodium bicarbonate
• NaHCO3
• New Information

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So Remember

• Leather tanning is very different from sun
  tanning.
• The next time you go out in the sun dont forget
  your sunblock of at least SPF 15.
• And think twice the next time you want to go to a
  tanning booth.
• THE END